The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB Control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD MM YY) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)NHRC/EHEL SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(s) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTX A brief (200 words max) factual summary of the most significant information.Tungsten is a transition metal with unique properties that permit its use in a range of applications, including household products and small caliber ammunition. Increased use has restored interest in tungsten and tungsten-based products in determining not only their impacts upon human health, but also on the environment. Given the dependence on microbes for environmental processes, it is appropriate to evaluate tungsten effect on microorganisms. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of sodium tungstate (Na 2 WO 4 ) and tungsten alloys on the growth of selected environmental microorganisms that play roles in metal reduction, biogeochemical cycling and biodegradation. A soil community was also evaluated for its tolerance to Na 2 WO 4 . Shewanella, a strong metal reducer, displayed the most robust ability to grow in the highest concentrations of Na 2 WO 4 evaluated, whereas Pseudomonas displayed lower tolerances. Interestingly, bacteria cultivated from the environment displayed only minor delays and reduction in growth relative to pure cultures, suggesting that such a microbial consortium is better suited to cope with Na 2 WO 4 exposure. Tungsten alloys also had profound effects on bacterial growth, however, these were dependent on the metals and nutrients present, suggesting the effect may be exacerbated in certain environmental settings where nutrients may be limited. SUBJECT TERMS Disclaimer:This work was supported by Defense Health Programs (DHP) reimbursable Work Unit #60769.The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.This article is approved for public release, distribution unlimited. Acknowledgements:The authors thank Dr. Scott M. Lohrke for support in the initial stages of this study. In additio...
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