We searched PubMed Central for all studies or reports of lipoarabinomannan for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. We used search terms "pulmonary tuberculosis" OR "ptb" AND "child" OR "infant" OR "adolescent" AND "lipoarabinomannan" OR "lam" AND "urine", up to Mar 9, 2020. No language restrictions were applied. Our search returned five relevant publications that included children below 15 years undergoing LAM testing of urine for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculous using AlereLAM. None of the studies used FujiLAM. The sensitivity of LAM, compared with confirmed TB, ranged from 48•3% to 73•2% for all children. Even though the WHO has recommended the use of AlereLAM to aid in the diagnosis of TB in children and adolescents with HIV, the test still shows sub-optimal sensitivity in most studies.When we searched using the search terms "fuji silvamp tb" OR "fujilam" OR "fuji silvamp tb lam", we found two relevant studies, both of which were performed in adults with HIV and found that FujiLAM had a notably higher sensitivity than AlereLAM. No comparison of the two tests in children has been done to date, and the role of FujiLAM in childhood PTB diagnosis remains unknown.
The words we choose matter: recognising the importance of language in decolonising global health Recognition of the relevance of colonial history to the contemporary practice of global health is not new, but the recent increase in visibility and prominence given to it by global health institutions and flagship journals is welcome when accompanied by meaningful reflection and action. 1 The goal of decolonising global health is to critically reflect on its history, identify hierarchies and culturally Eurocentric conceptions, and overcome the global inequities that such structures perpetuate. 2 We must reflect on the terminology we use when we discuss global health challenges, phrase research questions, write papers, teach students, or interact with patients, research participants, and the public. Although our choice of words shapes an audience's understanding of global health, the restricted range of expressions and terms prevents us from offering more nuanced and appropriate perspectives. The conceptualisation of English terms in other languages is often limited to literal translation that struggles to reproduce the same meaning, as highlighted by recently emerging technical terms, such as social distancing. Thus, to make real progress in the process of decolonising global health in our minds and practices, awareness, reflection, and change of language are fundamental.Most global health literature is still published in English only. This Anglocentrism narrows engagement with many international readers and poses a barrier to authorship for researchers whose working language is not English, which reinforces the power dynamics of the field. 3 By contrast, it is neither generally required nor practiced for foreign researchers working in low-income and middle-income countries to learn the language(s) of the country or region they are working in. This tendency, plus the absence of mechanisms to connect research networks operating in parallel in different languages, means that an English-speaking academic has little incentive and restricted capability to engage with scientific advances being published in Mandarin, Spanish, French, Arabic, and other widely spoken languages. Finding ways to bridge these language barriers in research and bibliographic databases is a fundamental pathway to knowledge co-production and equal research partnerships.
Antigen-specific, MHC-restricted αβ T cells are necessary for protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the ability to broadly study these responses has been limited. In the present study, we used single-cell and bulk T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing and the GLIPH2 algorithm to analyze M. tuberculosis-specific sequences in two longitudinal cohorts, comprising 166 individuals with M. tuberculosis infection who progressed to either tuberculosis (n = 48) or controlled infection (n = 118). We found 24 T cell groups with similar TCR-β sequences, predicted by GLIPH2 to have common TCR specificities, which were associated with control of infection (n = 17), and others that were associated with progression to disease (n = 7). Using a genome-wide M. tuberculosis antigen screen, we identified peptides targeted by T cell similarity groups enriched either in controllers or in progressors. We propose that antigens recognized by T cell similarity groups associated with control of infection can be considered as high-priority targets for future vaccine development.
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