This article presents the correlation of creep and viscoelastic properties to the cytoskeletal structure of both tumorigenic and non‐tumorigenic cells. Unique shear assay and strain mapping techniques were used to study the creep and viscoelastic properties of single non‐tumorigenic and tumorigenic cells. At least 20 individual cells, three locations per cell, were studied. From the results, lower densities in the volume of actin, and keratin 18 structures were observed with the progression of cancer and were correlated to the increased creep rates and reduced mechanical properties (Young's moduli and viscosities) of tumorigenic (MDA‐MB‐231) cells. The study reveals significant differences between the creep and viscoelastic properties of non‐tumorigenic breast cells versus tumorigenic cells. The variations in the creep strain rates are shown to be well characterized by lognormal distributions, while the statistical variations in the viscoelastic properties are well‐described by normal distributions. The implications of the results are discussed for the study of discrete cell behaviors, strain and viscoelastic responses of the cell, and the role of cell cytoskeleton in the onset and progression of cancers.
This article presents the release kinetics (RK) of a fungicidal antimicrobial agent (AMA), potassium sorbate (PS), that prolongs the shelf life of packaged food. The effects of PS release are explored on peanut and fresh bread to determine the effects of PS on Aspergillus niger (AN) microbe growth. The AN was cultured in a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium to obtain AMA activity on the film. AMA activity of PS incorporated into cellulose acetate (CA) based film was tested on peanuts and fresh bread for an extended period of time. The RK of PS from the films was obtained by studying the de‐swelling properties of PS loaded film at room temperature (24°C) and at elevated temperature (37°C). The diffusion coefficients of PS released through the film network were obtained to be between 8.32 × 10−10 to 7.3 × 10−7 m2/s. The release exponents (n) of PS from the film occurred by anomalous transport with n‐values ranging from 0.13 to 0.16 at 24°C and 0.5 to 0.89 at 37°C. The average flux released from the CA film was consistent with the percentage PS release from the CA film showing that modeling the effective diffusion of PS from a porous media is feasible. The released PS was potent enough to inhibit the growth of AN for a week then over a period of 2 years. Thereafter, the implications of the results in designing smart food packaging for enhanced food preservation were discussed.
This article presents silica nanoparticles for the sustained release of AMACR antibody-conjugated and free doxorubicin (DOX) for the inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth. Inorganic MCM-41 silica nanoparticles were synthesized, functionalized with phenylboronic acid groups (MCM-B), and capped with dextran (MCM-B-D). The nanoparticles were then characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential analysis, nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, before exploring their potential for drug loading and controlled drug release. This was done using a model prostate cancer drug, DOX, and a targeted prostate cancer drug, α-Methyl Acyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) antibody-conjugated DOX, which attaches specifically to AMACR proteins that are overexpressed on the surfaces of prostate cancer cells. The kinetics of sustained drug release over 30 days was then studied using zeroth order, first order, second order, Higuchi, and the Korsmeyer-Peppas models, while the thermodynamics of drug release was elucidated by determining the entropy and enthalpy changes. The flux of the released DOX was also simulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics software package. Generally, the AMACR antibodyconjugated DOX drug-loaded nanoparticles were more effective than the free DOX drug-loaded formulations in inhibiting the growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro over a 96 h period. The implications of the results are then discussed for the development of drug-eluting structures for the localized and targeted treatment of prostate cancer.
A combination of experiments and theoretical models is used to study the mechanical and thermal properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and magnetite nanoparticle‐reinforced PDMS composites with the potential for applications in biomedical implants for localized hyperthermia and photothermal ablation. Composite samples with varying weight fractions (0,1, 5, and 10 wt.%) of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were fabricated and tested to determine their stress–strain behavior and fracture toughness. The measured mechanical properties are also compared with predictions from composite and toughening models. The implications of the results are discussed for the design of plasmonic/magnetic nanocomposites with attractive combinations of mechanical and thermal properties that are relevant to laser hyperthermia and photo‐thermal‐ablation.
Termites are commonly called white ants. They are soft-bodied, social and polymorphic insects having two pairs of similar deciduous wings and live together forming large communities. The termites, however, are among the most destructive insects so far as man is concerned but in nature they help in decomposing the dead vegetation and enriching the soil [1]. Though the termites are called white ants but they are neither completely white in colour nor ants; one can easily differentiate these from ants by the absence of a constriction or peduncle between the thorax and the abdomen, in addition to some other morphological and behavioral characteristics.The termites are nocturnal and they prefer to live in eternal darkness. They cannot withstand the exposure of dry air and, therefore, they construct tunnels in the earth and wood. The termites are best known nest building insects [2]. Termites are the cause of huge damage to man. Since, their main food is cellulose, hence, they injure and destroy the wood work of houses, timbers, furniture's, railway sleepers, wooden bridges, boats, telegraph poles, books, large orchard trees like mango, apple, coconut, cashew, citrus, guava, and many field crops like sugarcane, groundnut, tea, coffee, cotton, potato plants, etc., are badly damaged by them [3]. Since, they bore through wood causing much damage; they can digest wood with the help of symbiotic flagellates, such as Trichonympha campanula living in their intestine and passed on from generation Theobroma cacao is one of the world's most valuable crops, cultivated worldwide on 8.2 million hectares, grown in 58 countries, and worth over US$4 billion annually. Cocoa is a well-adapted agroforestry plantation crop grown in hot, rainy climates with cultivation concentrated in a band between 0 to 20 degrees north and south of the Equator, sometimes called the "Cocoa Belt" [5]. Economic cocoa cultivars are grown for the production of dried beans, which are the source of cocoa liquor, cocoa butter, cocoa cake and cocoa powder. Cocoa is a fast-growing tropical forest plant, capable of being cultivated in association with other trees, and providing additional goods like timber and firewood, fruits, construction materials, honey, resin, medicine and materials for ritual ceremonies [6]. Termitarium is the nest of termites comprised of partially digested food materials and fecal matter of termites, enriched with minerals and other organic constituents, which provides a suitable environment for the existence of a huge diversity of microorganisms [2]. The microbial population of dual origins from both termites and neighboring soil might result in greater microbial diverto generation. These are social insects forming large communities and well-marked polymorphic individuals. However, more than 1700 species of termites are known today. Some common genera
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