International audienceMany tribological properties and wear mechanisms occurring on the micro-and nanoscale are strongly controlled by the so-called real contact area (Ar) which is a small fraction of the nominal or apparent contact area (Aa). The determination of Ar is often based on either (i) a geometrical approach describing the real geometry of contacting surfaces or (ii) a mechanical approach involving contact mechanics and physical-mechanical properties. In addition some experimental methods have also been attempted but they generally do not take into account the presence of third body at the interface--i.e. the wear debris trapped within the contact. In this paper we propose an experimental approach to estimate the dynamic real contact area from the operating parameters (Fn, v, T) and the tribological responses (μ, Ft) in presence of third body. A scanning thermal microscope (SThM) is used for determining both the thermal conductivity of the third body and the relationship between the contact temperature and the thermal power really dissipated at the micro-asperity level. These results are combined with a thermal model of the macro-tribocontact for computing the real contact area and the real contact pressure. Validation of these results is carried out using a classical Greenwood Williamson model and finite element models built from the real AFM maps
SUMMARYFor lightweight structural components, continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites have demonstrated success in aerospace and defence applications. Their mechanical behaviour is a result of the possible sliding and interactions between the fibres, but the complex deformation mechanisms of this sheet are a main problem in the practical thermoforming process. In this context, a large experimental work was developed to analyse the behaviour of a 5-harness satin weave carbon-polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) composite. Firstly, we started this work with a microscope observation of the sheet cross section and a thermo-gravimetric analysis of carbon/PPS to understand the thermal condition in the forming process, the reinforcement (fibre and yarn) geometry and dimensions and the textile reinforcement architectures. Secondly, in high temperature conditions (at 320 C), static uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests were carried out. During these mechanical tests, we used a digital image stereo-correlation technique to get full field displacement measurements and an infrared camera to measure the temperature in the surface of sample.The results of the experimental investigation were used with the commercial software ABAQUS to develop a numerical model of stamp thermoforming operation. The stamp thermoforming part was developed using a hemispherical punch and compared with an experimental result. In the deformed part obtained by thermoforming of the carbon/PPS sheet, we analysed the instability phenomena such as wrinkling.
A new low melting temperature poly(aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) thermoplastic polymer (Victrex AE 250) was investigated through thermal and rheological analysis of films and flakes. DSC was assigned to evaluate the influence of cooling rate on crystallinity and thermal transitions. Rheometry was used to assess its flowing behavior through the evaluation of dynamic moduli and complex viscosity in the melted state. The relaxation times were found from the rheological curves: they are between a few ms to 200 ms for AE 250, lower than those found for PEEK 450, meaning a faster mobility of macromolecules.The thermal activation energy, E a obtained from Time Temperature Superposition is the same for films and flakes in spite of a lower viscosity for flakes. The molecular weight between entanglements is evaluated at 8000 g.mol À1 for FMc and 13,000 for FLc, it is compared to the value of about 2000 g.mol À1found for PEEK 450 with the same procedure. Also, the viscosity was compared to other commercial PAEK such as PEEK and PEKK based on data from the literature. This polymer appears very efficient to compete with high performance thermoplastics to be processed by compression molding, out of autoclave consolidation, additive manufacturing, and welding.
The objective is to design a joint, suitable for use from low to high temperature by combination of two adhesives along the overlap length in single lap joint. This mixed modulus concept is called Multi-module Bond line (MMBL). At high temperatures, a brittle adhesive (high modulus) in the middle of the joint retains the strength and transfers the entire load. At low temperatures, a ductile adhesive at the ends of the joint is the load-bearing adhesive. The first part of this work deals with the formulation of adhesives with differend stiffnesses to be used in the MMBL concept. Starting from a DGEBA resin/DETDA hardener system, different contents of amine terminated polysiloxane modifiers are added to the original mixture. A phase-separated structure is observed via scanning electron microscopy. The thermal, mechanical and dynamic viscoelastic properties of polysiloxane modified epoxy networks are studied. The second part of this paper will present the infinite element study of the assembly with two formulated adhesives in order to verify if they respect the MMBL concept.
Abstract. This paper deals with the development of an experimental method to make measurements by the digital image correlation technique during a dynamic test on a biaxial tensile system. The aim of this method is to be able to cover a complete cycle of a dynamic test, regardless of its form and to follow a position during a long time test. Results are presented for different measurement fields.
The first aim of this study is to analyze the impact behavior of pre-loaded composite. Indeed, a bi-axial load is applied to the composite specimen, in order to keep in touch with a real case of composite fuselage. Then, this pre-loaded specimen is impacted by a pendulum. The used energy and velocity are weak in order to be in the case of low-energy and low-velocity impact. The second aim of this study is to develop and design a pendulum device to be integrated to the bi-axial fatigue loading. Moreover, two Non Destructive Inspections (Sonoscan and InfraRed Thermography) is used in order to establish links between pre-load and induced impact damage.
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