ABSTRACT. Observations and measurements were made of high-speed avalanches at Shiai-dani, (he Kurobe canyon, (0 reveal their real features and properties, using strain-gauge-type load cells in measuring impact force and speed. A maximum impact pressure of 140 X 10 4 N m -' was obtained, as well as data indicating the existence of a number of wave fronts, ranging in speed from 9 to 60 m S-I inside an avalanche.Violent changes in atmospheric pressure ranging from -2 1 to + 5 mbar were observed near its path when a high-speed avalanche passed by. RESUME.
Observations and measurements were made of high-speed avalanches at Shiai-dani, (he Kurobe canyon, (0 reveal their real features and properties, using strain-gauge-type load cells in measuring impact force and speed. A maximum impact pressure of 140 X 10 4 N m -' was obtained, as well as data indicating the existence of a number of wave fronts, ranging in speed from 9 to 60 m S-I inside an avalanche.Violent changes in atmospheric pressure ranging from -2 1 to + 5 mbar were observed near its path when a high-speed avalanche passed by. RESUME. Une elude sur une avalanche de neige tres rapide dans le K urobe cailon, Japan. Des observations et des mesures ont ete faites sur des avalanches a grande vitesse au Shiai-dani dans le Kurobe canon pour etudier leurs caracteristiques reelles et leurs proprietes; on a utilise des jauges de pression pour mesurer la vitesse et la force de I'impact. La pression maximum d'impact obtenue a ete de '40 x 10 4 N m-'. Les resultats ont aussi montre qu'il existait plusieurs fronts de vagues de vitesse variant entre 9 et 60 m s-J a I'interieur de la meme avalanche. Des changements violents dans la press ion atmospherique allant de -21 a + 5 mbar ont ete observes a proximite du couloir au moment du passage d'une avalanche de grande vitesse. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. Studien an Lawinen haher Geschwindigkeit in Kurobe Tal, Japan. Mit Druckzellen zur Messung des Stossdruckes und der Geschwindigkeit wurden Beobachtungen an Lawinen hoher Geschwindigkeit bei Shiai-dani im Kurobe Tal angestellt, urn deren wirklichen Ablauf und Eigenschaften festzustellen. Der maximale Stossdruck bet rug J40 X 10 4 N m -'; weitere Daten weisen auf die Existenz einer Reihe von Wellenfronten hin, deren Geschwindigkeit innerhalb einer Lawine zwischen 9 und 60 m s-J betragt. Heftige Luftdruckschwankungen zwischen -21 und + 5 mbar waren beim Abgang von Lawinen hoher Geschwindigkeit nahe ihrer Bahn festzustellen.
Principal stresses in a snow cover on a uniform slope were determined by two methods , each using thin pressure gauges to measure snow pressure in the snow . These snow pressures were principal stress a 2 on a vertical plane perpendicular to the contour lines and normal compressive stress O"e on a plane perpendicular to the vertical plane. In addition, plastic Poisson's ratio v was estimated in a snow cover on level ground. Estimates of principal strain rates were used to calculate principal stresses and viscosity by two different methods, using estimates of v and the constitutive equations of
Principal stresses in a snow cover on a uniform slope were determined by two methods, each using thin pressure gauges to measure snow pressure in the snow. These snow pressures were principal stress σ2 on a vertical plane perpendicular to the contour lines and normal compressive stress σ θ on a plane perpendicular to the vertical plane. In addition, plastic Poisson’s ratio v was estimated in a snow cover on level ground. Estimates of principal strain rates were used to calculate principal stresses and viscosity by two different methods, using estimates of v and the constitutive equations of Yosida (1980) and the derived values of σ2and σθ. For dry and compact snow, σ1 and σ3 calculated by both methods agreed well with each other, and also with values obtained by the hole-mark method reported by Shimizu and Huzioka (1975).
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