The current study determined the natural angiogenic molecules using an unbiased metabolomics approach. A chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model was used to examine pro- and antiangiogenic molecules, followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Vessel formation was analyzed quantitatively using the angiogenic index ( p < 0.05). At embryonic day one, a white streak or circle area was observed when vessel formation begins. GCMS analysis and database search demonstrated that angiogenesis may initiate when oleic, cholesterol, and linoleic acids increased in the area of angiogenic reactions. The gain of function study was conducted by the injection of cholesterol and oleic acid into a chick embryo to determine the role of each lipid in angiogenesis. We propose that oleic acid, cholesterol, and linoleic acid are natural molecules that set the platform for the initiation stage of angiogenesis before other proteins including the vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin, angiotensin, and erythropoietin join as the angiome in sprout extension and vessel maturation.
The current study tested the hypothesis of whether specific lipids may control angiogenic reactions. Using the chorioallantoic membrane assay of the chick embryo, new vessel formation was analyzed quantitatively by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as well as bioinformatics tools including an angiogenesis analyzer. Our biochemical experiments showed that a specific lipid composition and stoichiometry determine the angiogenesis microenvironment to accelerate or inhibit vessel formation. Specific lipids of angiogenesis determinants in the vessel area and the non-vessel area were identified as nitrooleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, epoxyoleic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), cholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, and docosahexaenoyl lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-LPC). Vessel formation happens on the surface area of the hydrophilic membrane of the yolk. Our biochemical data demonstrated that angiogenesis was followed in the white lipid complex area to generate more branches, junctions, segments, and extremities. We analyzed lipid fragments in the vessel, non-vessel, and albumen area to show that each area contains a specific lipid composition and stoichiometry. Mass spectrometry data demonstrated that the vessel area has higher concentrations of nitrooleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, LPC, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, oleic acid, linoleic acid, 7-ketocholesterol, and DHA-LPC; however, DHA and EPA were abundant in the hydrophobic non-vessel area. The purpose of vessel formation is to wrap up the yolk area to transport nutrients including specific fatty acids. Besides, angiogenesis requires aqueous albumen shown by distance-dependent vessel formation from albumen and oxygen. Higher concentrations of fatty acids are required for energy and carbon structure from the carbon−carbon bond, membrane building blocks, and amphiphilic detergent to solubilize a hydrophobic environment in the aqueous blood layer. The current study may guide that the uncovered hydrophobic or zwitterionic molecules such as DHA and DHA-LPC may control angiogenesis as antiangiogenic or proangiogenic molecules as potential drug targets for treating uncontrolled angiogenesis-related diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
The current study tested the hypothesis whether common plant extracts could be used as redox molecules in biobattery. Natural quinone molecules were extracted from Lawsonia inermis (henna) via sequential extraction using hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and 80% methanol in water, followed by purification using column chromatography to examine their potential function as redox molecules in biobattery. A combination of UV-visible spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis confirmed the presence of quinones in the extracted fractions. UV analysis showed maximum absorbance at 295 nm and 450 nm which correspond to 4-t-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone and duroquinone. In addition, GC-MS analysis of the henna extract confirmed the presence of tocopherol (vitamin E) as a potential redox molecule. We determined the impact of the type of electrolyte, electrode, salt bridge and volume of extract on the overall efficiency of biobattery. Among the different cell combinations tested, the optimum battery with a maximum voltage of 0.97 V was achieved using a carbon||quinone cathodic half-cell, copper||sulphuric acid anodic half-cell and a KCl (1.0 M) salt bridge. Our experiments demonstrate that natural redox molecules from common African plants, including L. inermis extracts, can serve as source of electrical energy and alternative materials for the renewable battery.
Isoberlinia doka sawdust; an abundant waste material was pre-treated using FeCl 3 , HCl, NaOH, sequential HCl and NaOH treatments at 121 °C for 15 min to mitigate the challenges of its utilisation as a carbon source for bioethanol production. The effects of these treatments on the biomass were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gravimetric methods. The capability of the pre-treated residue to produce fermentable sugars and bioethanol were also assessed. The treated biomass were saccharified using cellulase mix from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesi and fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The result shows that the chemical treatments significantly (p < 0.05) diminished the lignin contents and improved cellulose content of the treated samples; evident from decreased FTIR spectral intensities related to lignin. The cellulase mixture efficiently digested the treated biomass and resulted in significant (p < 0.05) sugar yield compared to the untreated biomass. Although the sequential HCl and NaOH treatment had the highest reducing sugar yield (280.1 mg/g), its ethanol yield (172.2 mg/g) was low, possibly due to formation of inhibitory bye-products. The alkali treatment reduced the lignin content and resulted in the highest ethanol yield (230.7 mg/g). Isoberlinia doka sawdust demonstrated great potential to be used as a sustainable feedstock for bioethanol production.
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