Podoplanin, a transmembrane glycoprotein, has been considered to be expressed specifically by lymphatic endothelial cells. However, recent studies have shown that the protein is expressed in a variety of normal as well as neoplastic tissues, and that its expression might be related to cell migration and invasion. In this study, we examined podoplanin expression in inflamed gingival tissues using an immunohistochemical method. Positive immunoreactivity for podoplanin was found in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of basal cells of oral gingival epithelium when severe inflammatory cell infiltration was present in the connective tissue just under the epithelium. When inflammatory changes were weak or absent, little or no reactivity for podoplanin in the basal cells was observed. Positive reactivity for podoplanin was also detected in basal cell extensions. Surprisingly, strong immunoreactivity for podoplanin was observed in all layers of oral sulcular and junctional epithelia associated with severe inflammatory reaction in the connective tissue. These findings suggest that increased expression of podoplanin in gingival epithelium is related to the progression of chronic periodontitis.
Disseminated trichosporonosis is known to be a severe opportunistic mycosis and has a high mortality rate. In autopsy cases, it is often difficult to diagnose as trichosporonosis because the causative Trichosporon species are pathologically similar to other fungi, especially the Candida species. Immunohistochemical analysis is essential for the differential diagnosis, but an antibody to Trichosporon is not available commercially. In the present study, we investigated the supplemental utility of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the pathological diagnosis of trichosporonosis from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Total DNA was purified from 30 major organs in three autopsy cases, and Trichosporon DNA was specifically amplified by nested PCR using three sets of primers. Of 22 organs in which Grocott's stain was positive for fungal infection, 170- and 259-bp PCR products were detected in 20 (91%) and 12 (55%) organs, respectively. In short-term fixation (about 1 day), these bands were highly detected in ten (100%) and nine (90%) organs, whereas the detection efficiency tended to decrease after long-term fixation and decalcification. No PCR product of 412 bp was detected in any organs. These findings suggest that nested PCR from short-term-fixed tissues is useful for supportive pathological diagnosis of disseminated trichosporonosis.
To examine the properties of shadow and ghost cells, 3 kinds of antibodies were raised against human hair proteins and their immunoreactivity was examined in tumors expressing those cells: pilomatrixoma, 14 cases; craniopharyngioma, 17 cases; and calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC), 14 cases. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analyses demonstrated that 2 polyclonal antibodies, PA-HP1 and PA-HP 2, reacted strongly with type I acidic and type II neutral/basic hard alpha-keratins. The other monoclonal antibody, MA-HP1, reacted with type II neutral/basic hard alpha-keratins. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that all 3 antibodies reacted only with the hair shaft in sections of normal skin and dermoid cyst. In all pilomatrixoma cases, 3 antibodies reacted with the cytoplasm of transitional and shadow cells but not with that of basophilic cells. Positive reactions were found only in shadow cells of all 13 adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. In all COCs, the antibodies reacted only with ghost cells, not with other epithelial components. Immunoreactivity for phosphothreonine, detected in hard alpha-keratins, also was found in transitional, shadow, and ghost cells. The appearance of shadow or ghost cells might represent differentiation into hair in these 3 kinds of tumors.
Recent research has shown that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) triggers somatic hypermutation and recombination, in turn contributing to lymphomagenesis. Such aberrant AID expression is seen in B-cell leukemia/lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma which is associated with c-myc translocation. Moreover, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) increases genomic instability through early growth transcription response-1 (Egr-1) mediated upregulation of AID in B-cell lymphoma. However, few clinicopathological studies have focused on AID expression in lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs). Therefore, we conducted an immunohistochemical study to investigate the relationship between AID and LMP-1 expression in LPDs (MTX-/Age-related EBV-associated), including diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). More intense AID expression was detected in LPDs (89.5%) than in DLBCLs (20.0%), and the expression of LMP-1 and EBER was more intense in LPDs (68.4% and 94.7%) than in DLBCLs (10.0% and 20.0%). Furthermore, stronger Egr-1 expression was found in MTX/Age-EBV-LPDs (83.3%) than in DLBCLs (30.0%). AID expression was significantly constitutively overexpressed in LPDs as compared with DLBCLs. These results suggest that increased AID expression in LPDs may be one of the processes involved in lymphomagenesis, thereby further increasing the survival of genetically destabilized B-cells. AID expression may be a useful indicator for differentiation between LPDs and DLBCLs.
To examine the properties of shadow and ghost cells, 3 kinds of antibodies were raised against human hair proteins and their immunoreactivity was examined in tumors expressing those cells: pilomatrixoma, 14 cases; craniopharyngioma, 17 cases; and calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC), 14 cases. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analyses demonstrated that 2 polyclonal antibodies, PA-HP1 and PA-HP 2, reacted strongly with type I acidic and type II neutral/basic hard alpha-keratins. The other monoclonal antibody, MA-HP1, reacted with type II neutral/basic hard alpha-keratins. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that all 3 antibodies reacted only with the hair shaft in sections of normal skin and dermoid cyst. In all pilomatrixoma cases, 3 antibodies reacted with the cytoplasm of transitional and shadow cells but not with that of basophilic cells. Positive reactions were found only in shadow cells of all 13 adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. In all COCs, the antibodies reacted only with ghost cells, not with other epithelial components. Immunoreactivity for phosphothreonine, detected in hard alpha-keratins, also was found in transitional, shadow, and ghost cells. The appearance of shadow or ghost cells might represent differentiation into hair in these 3 kinds of tumors.
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