In vast areas of the Arctic Coastal Plain, oriented lakes, groups of lake basins with a common long-axis orientation, can be found. Numerical simulation using the BG model (a three-dimensional model for predicting beach changes based on Bagnold's concept) was carried out, and the characteristic of oriented lakes that the direction of their principal axis is perpendicular to that of the principal axis of the probability distribution of occurrence of wind direction was successfully explained. The predicted results and the examples given by Seppälä (2004) were in good agreement.
The elongation of a sand spit on a seabed with different water depths and slopes was numerically simulated using the BG model (a three-dimensional model for predicting beach changes based on Bagnold's concept). The examples of sand spits and a pond enclosed by a barrier were examined first using aerial photographs and bathymetric survey maps. The formation of a sand spit and a barrier was predicted using the BG model under the conditions that the water depths where a sand spit is formed were changed to 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm in a model scale of 1/100, and that the seabed slopes were changed to 1/50, 1/40, 1/30, and 1/20. The difference in the form of a sand spit and a barrier formed under these conditions was explained and compared with the natural sand spits and a barrier.
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