Purpose: The DIANA study aimed to evaluate how often antimicrobial de-escalation (ADE) of empirical treatment is performed in the intensive care unit (ICU) and to estimate the effect of ADE on clinical cure on day 7 following treatment initiation. Methods: Adult ICU patients receiving empirical antimicrobial therapy for bacterial infection were studied in a prospective observational study from October 2016 until May 2018. ADE was defined as (1) discontinuation of an antimicrobial in case of empirical combination therapy or (2) replacement of an antimicrobial with the intention to narrow the antimicrobial spectrum, within the first 3 days of therapy. Inverse probability (IP) weighting was used to account for time-varying confounding when estimating the effect of ADE on clinical cure. Results: Overall, 1495 patients from 152 ICUs in 28 countries were studied. Combination therapy was prescribed in 50%, and carbapenems were prescribed in 26% of patients. Empirical therapy underwent ADE, no change and change other than ADE within the first 3 days in 16%, 63% and 22%, respectively. Unadjusted mortality at day 28 was 15.8% in the ADE cohort and 19.4% in patients with no change [p = 0.27; RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.60-1.14)]. The IP-weighted relative risk estimate for clinical cure comparing ADE with no-ADE patients (no change or change other than ADE) was 1.37 (95% CI 1.14-1.64). Conclusion: ADE was infrequently applied in critically ill-infected patients. The observational effect estimate on clinical cure suggested no deleterious impact of ADE compared to no-ADE. However, residual confounding is likely.
Background Large multicenter studies reporting on the association between the duration of broad-spectrum antimicrobial administration and the detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in the intensive care unit (ICU) are scarce. We evaluated the impact of broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy for more than 72 h on the detection of MDR bacteria using the data from Japanese patients enrolled in the DIANA study. Methods We analyzed the data of ICU patients in the DIANA study (a multicenter international observational cohort study from Japan). Patients who received empirical antimicrobials were divided into a broad-spectrum antimicrobial group and a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial group, based on whether they received broad-spectrum antimicrobials for more or less than 72 h, respectively. Differences in patient characteristics, background of infectious diseases and empirical antimicrobial administration, and outcomes between the two groups were compared using the chi-square tests (Monte Carlo method) for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U-test for continuous variables. We also conducted a logistic regression analysis to investigate the factors associated with the detection of new MDR bacteria. Results A total of 254 patients from 31 Japanese ICUs were included in the analysis, of whom 159 (62.6%) were included in the broad-spectrum antimicrobial group and 95 (37.4%) were included in the narrow-spectrum antimicrobial group. The detection of new MDR bacteria was significantly higher in the broad-spectrum antimicrobial group (11.9% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.042). Logistic regression showed that broad-spectrum antimicrobial continuation for more than 72 h (OR [odds ratio] 3.09, p = 0.047) and cerebrovascular comorbidity on ICU admission (OR 2.91, p = 0.041) were associated with the detection of new MDR bacteria. Conclusions Among Japanese ICU patients treated with empirical antimicrobials, broad-spectrum antimicrobial usage for more than 72 h was associated with the increased detection of new MDR bacteria. Antimicrobial stewardship programs in ICUs should discourage the prolonged use of empirical broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02920463, Registered 30 September 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02920463
To obtain effective systemic blood flow and coronary perfusion by chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, it is recommended that the interruption time of chest compressions be kept to a minimum, and that the chest compression fraction (CCF) should be kept high. In this study, we examined the effects of advanced airway management by paramedics in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) cases on CCF and on return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) before arrival at the hospital. Participants and Methods: A total of 283 adult, non-traumatic OHCA cases who were in cardiopulmonary arrest at the time of EMS contact between April 2015 and March 2017 were registered for this study. We retrospectively investigated the presence or absence of advanced airway clearance, CCF and ROSC during CPR. CCF was calculated by measuring the chest compression interruption time from the ECG waveform recorded on a semiautomatic defibrillator (Philips HeartStart MRX). The data obtained were recorded on a computer, and comparisons between groups were examined using an untested t-test and χ 2 -test. Results: Of the 283 patients with OHCA, 159 were included in the analysis. The CCF of the AAM group was 89.4%, which was significantly higher than that in the BMV group (84.3%) (P<0.01). Forty-one patients had ROSC at the time of arrival at the hospital, and the CCF of ROSC patients was 89.7%, which was significantly higher than that of non-ROSC patients (87.2%) (P<0.01). ROSC was also obtained in 31.8% of the patients in the AAM group, which was significantly higher than that in the BMV group (12.2%). Conclusion:In this study, we found that advanced airway management during prehospital emergency transport by paramedics showed high CCF and ROSC rates and contributed to improving the prognosis of OHCA patients through high-quality resuscitation.
Most patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have just only mild symptoms, but about 5% are very severe. Although extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) is sometimes used in critically patients with COVID-19, ECMO is only an adjunct, not the main treatment. If the patient's condition deteriorates and it is determined to be irreversible, it is necessary to decide to stop ECMO. A 54-year-old man was admitted on day 6 of onset with a chief complaint of high fever and cough. Computed tomography (CT) showed a ground glass opacity in both lungs, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) diagnosed COVID-19. He was admitted to the hospital and started to receive oxygen and favipiravir. After that, his respiratory condition deteriorated, and he was intubated and ventilated on day 9 of onset, and ECMO was introduced on day 12. Two days after the introduction of ECMO, C-reactive protein (CRP) increased, chest X-p showed no improvement in pneumonia, and PaO2/FiO2 decreased again. As D-dimer rose and found a blood clot in the ECMO circuit, we had to decide whether to replace the circuit and continue with ECMO or stop ECMO. At this time, the viral load by RT-PCR was drastically reduced to about 1/1750. We decided to continue ECMO therapy and replaced the circuit. The patient's respiratory status subsequently improved and ECMO was stopped on day 21 of onset. In conclusion, viral load measurement by RT-PCR may be one of the indicators for promoting the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients.
Antivenoms are the treatment of choice for managing lethal snakebites. However, antivenoms may not be available in instances where non-native vipers are kept in captivity. We report a case of a puff adder (Bitis arietans) bite treated without antivenom. A 23-year-old man was bitten on his left hand by a puff adder that he illegally kept in his house. The swelling spread rapidly to the upper arm and there was a risk of bleeding, suggesting the need for antivenom administration, but this could not be acquired because of lack of stock. We initiated fluid resuscitation and administered recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM) to prevent venom-induced consumption coagulopathy. In addition, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment was also performed to reduce local swelling. The patient recovered without complications after the multidisciplinary treatment. Further studies are needed to prove the safety and efficacy of rTM administration and HBO therapy as an adjunct or alternative therapy with antiserum for fatal snakebite.
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