The response of quantum-conductance-based hydrogen sensors fabricated by controllable deposition of closely spaced Pd nanoparticle films between interdigital electrodes was investigated. Three typical response regions with different conductance–hydrogen pressure correlations were observed. The response characteristics of the devices were found to depend strongly on the nanoparticle coverage. In the low H2 pressure region, higher coverage gives higher sensitivity. In the high H2 pressure region, quantitative sensing can only be realized with low nanoparticle coverage. Optimizing the coverage allows the attainment of highly sensitive hydrogen sensors with a very wide quantitative working range, extending far beyond the hydrogen pressure region associated with the α-to-β phase transition of Pd.

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In this study, we demonstrate a polarization imaging camera with a waveplate array of a silica glass fabricated by femtosecond (fs) laser direct writing. To use a waveplate array of silica glass for polarization imaging, non-uniformity of the transmittance and retardance in the waveplates must be considered. Therefore, we used a general method of polarization analysis with system matrices determined experimentally for all the units in the waveplate array. We found that a figure of merit based on the determinant of the system matrix could be applied to improve the accuracy of analysis and the robustness to the retardance dispersion for both the simulated and the fabricated waveplate array.

Some aspect of the motion of gas or vast-number-of-particles distributed in cosmic space under action of the gravitational force may be treated as a fluid dynamic motion without pressure. Generalized Integral representation Method (GIRM) is applied to fluid dynamic motion of gas or particles to obtain the accurate numerical solutions. In the present theory, the relativistic effects are neglected. The numerical results by GIRM are compared with the solutions by Finite Difference Method (FDM). Spreading and merging of gas or particles and effects of initial velocity distribution are studied numerically. GIRM solutions give reasonable and accurate solutions.