Dynamic networks designed to model the cell cytoskeleton can be reconstituted from filamentous actin, the motor protein myosin and a permanent cross-linker. They are driven out of equilibrium when the molecular motors are active. This gives rise to athermal fluctuations that can be recorded by tracking probe particles that are dispersed in the network. We have here probed athermal fluctuations in such "active gels" using video microrheology. We have measured the full 10 distribution of probe displacements, also known as the van Hove correlation function. The dominant influence of thermal or athermal fluctuations can be detected by varying the lag time over which the displacements are measured. We argue that the exponential tails of the distribution derive from single motors close to the probes, and we extract an estimate of the velocity of motor heads along the actin filaments. The distribution exhibits a central Gaussian region which we 15 assume derives from the action of many independent motor proteins far from the probe particles when athermal fluctuations dominate. Recording the whole distribution rather than just the typically measured second moment of probe fluctuations (mean-squared displacement) thus allowed us to differentiate between the effect of individual motors and the collective action of many motors.

all rights reserved In Japan, the quality of beef carcasses is currently evaluated using a standard set by the Japan Meat Grading association (JMGa). In this grading scheme, the yield ratio (a, B or c) and meat quality score (5-1) are judged by a grader, where a-5 is the highest grade. 1 the quality is evaluated using four criteria: beef marbling [using the beef marbling standard (BMS) number]; colour and brightness of meat [using the beef colour standard (BcS) number]; firmness and texture of meat [using the beef fat standard (BfS) number]; and the luster and quality of fat. conventionally, these determinations are performed by visual observation. a grader determines these four evaluation values on a scale of 5-1 using The meat quality grade of a beef carcass is greatly affected by its visible fat content. In premium beef from Japanese Black (Wagyu) cattle, a high fat content is greatly valued. However, the fatty acid composition, which is linked to the properties of the fat, is not considered in grading. In this paper, we describe the feasibility of an evaluation method based on food composition and its distribution. An intact raw beef cut from Wagyu cattle was used as an evaluation target. A total of 90 samples from various parts of three Wagyu cattle were measured by near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging at wavelengths of 1000-2300 nm at a spatial resolution of 380 µm pixel −1 and were also analysed by conventional physical and chemical methods. The fat and fatty acid content were selected as the objective content, including the proportions of total saturated fatty acid (SFA), total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and the main fatty acids: myristic [C14:0, where Cx:y indicates the number of carbon atoms (x) and the number of double bonds (y)], palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), myristoleic (C14:1), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2). The mean spectrum from an area extracted from the hyperspectral image to fit the area analysed by physical and chemical methods was used to develop partial least squares regression models for prediction of fat and fatty acid content. The prediction of total fat, SFA and UFA were satisfactory with r 2 , standard error of prediction (SEP) and ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) values of 0.90, 0.87 and 0.89, 4.81%, 1.69% and 3.41% and 2.84, 2.43 and 2.84, respectively. For individual fatty acids, the r 2 and RPD values ranged from 0.68 to 0.89 and 1.69 to 2.85, respectively. Prediction of fat content for each pixel of the hyperspectral image made using these prediction models yielded spatially distributed visualisations of the content. These results showed the feasibility of a beef evaluation method based on fat content evaluated by NIR hyperspectral imaging.

At present, there is no internationally accepted method of evaluation that converts discomfort glare in pedestrian zones into numerical form. While LED streetlights are rapidly coming into wide use, their lightemitting parts are often nonuniform in luminance compared with streetlights that employ HID lamps. This nonuniformity has been noted as a factor responsible for the emergence of glare. A subjective evaluation experiment was conducted with seven types of streetlights placed in an outdoor field that simulated a pedestrian zone. The streetlights used for the experiment were selected in consideration of the type of light source and the luminance uniformity of the light-emitting surfaces. The results showed that luminancebased photometric quantities are a better measure of discomfort glare than is the illuminance at the observer s eye for light sources with both uniform and nonuniform surfaces. Based on the experimental results, a new evaluation equation that converts discomfort glare in pedestrian zones is proposed.

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Food quality is strongly affected by its components and their spatial distributions. Recently, spectroscopic methods have been widely applied as a non-destructive and rapid method to measure food quality. Although it is a versatile technique, the measurement system is extremely costly for practical use. In this paper, we propose a simple measurement system using a small set of band-pass filters. A food constituent was predicted using output from the band-pass filters as input for a multiple linear regression model, and the bands were designed to obtain high prediction accuracy characterised by the determination coefficient, using hyperspectral data by the optimisation approach. We designed three sets of filters to separately determine contents such as oleic acid, total unsaturated fatty acid and fat content in raw beef using NIR hyperspectral data, and then we implemented these designs as real optical filters. By mounting the filter in front of the lens of an NIR monochrome camera, we captured a set of filtered images. We then performed a pixel-by-pixel prediction of the content to enable the spatial distribution to be visualised. The determination coefficient (R 2) and prediction error, which we characterised by the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), of this filtering method (R 2 = 0.638-0.739, RMSECV = 3.13-5.15) were superior to those obtained with partial least squares (PLS) regression using hyperspectral measurements (R 2 = 0.610-0.643, RMSECV = 3.70-6.12). Our method, therefore, facilitates the application of a hyperspectral technique for practical use.

In light of the acceleration of computer-aided model-based development, lighting simulation technologies that allow lighting environments to be repeatedly reproduced for a given time and space have become increasingly useful. Since products are often expected to be used in outdoor lighting environments, this study has been conducted to develop a technology for accurately reproducing such environments in the form of data with the aim of improving the accuracy of the lighting simulation. An omnidirectional camera, which is capable of taking photographs in all directions simultaneously, is used to acquire high dynamic range images called Light Probe that store omnidirectional light and colour information. We expanded the luminance dynamic range by compositing the images that were obtained by photographing the same scene while changing the photographable brightness range.

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