The androgen receptor (AR) is implicated in prostate cancer growth, progression, and angiogenesis. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which transcriptionally regulates hypoxia-inducible angiogenic factors, is up-regulated in prostate cancers compared with adjacent normal tissues. HIF-1 may be involved in prostate cancer as well as the AR, but the involvement of HIF-1 in prostate cancer angiogenesis and progression has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we found that in prostate cancer LNCaP cells dihydrotestosterone enhanced the expression of GLUT-1, one of the HIF-1 target genes, and also that hypoxia enhanced the expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) that is one of the AR target genes and is involved in tumor invasion. Small interfering RNA that specifically inhibits HIF-1 reduced the expression levels of PSA as well as GLUT-1. Reporter gene analysis showed that dihydrotestosterone activated the HIF-1 -mediated gene expression and hypoxia enhanced the AR-induced promoter activity of human PSA gene. Deletion and site-directed mutation of the 5 ¶-flanking region of human PSA gene revealed that the sequence ACGTG between À3951 and À3947 was essential in the response to hypoxia. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that HIF-1 interacts with the AR on the human PSA gene promoter. These results indicated that in prostate cancers, HIF-1 might cooperate with the AR to activate the expression of several genes related to tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and progression. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(4):383 -91)
An automatic device with a timer camera was designed to record the diel periodicity of pheromone trap catches. Chilo suppressalis and Spodoptera litura moths captured by a sticky-board and a water-pan, respectively, were both photographed clearly. Hourly changes in moth numbers could be easily detected from these films.
We investigated the effects of ten acaricides on adult females and eleven acaricides on eggs of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch (green form)) collected from eight strawberry greenhouses in Okayama Prefecture, Japan, using a rotary distributing sprayer. Additionally, we investigated the LC 50 and resistance ratio of adult females to acynonapyr and bifenazate. The acaricidal effect of emamectin benzoate, milbemectin, chlorfenapyr, acequinocyl, tebufenpyrad, cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen, and pyflubumide on adult females was low in many populations. The effects of acynonapyr and bifenazate were high.Acynonapyr had a resistance ratio of 1 or less in all populations. Alternatively, the bifenazate had a maximum resistance ratio of 42.04, suggesting decreased sensitivity. The acaricidal effects of emamectin benzoate, milbemectin, etoxazole, chlorfenapyr, tebufenpyrad, cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen, and pyflubumide on eggs were low in many populations. The effects of acequinocyl, acynonapyr, and bifenazate were highest in most populations.
To develop an easier control decision-making system, the control threshold of Tetranychus urticae on chrysanthemum was estimated in terms of proportion of leaves with adult females. The relationship between the proportion of leaves with mites and the mean number of mites per leaf fitted the Kono-Sugino model. The relationship between the injury level of leaves at harvest (30 July) and the mean number of mites per leaf at various census dates was described by the same model. The control threshold in terms of proportion of leaves with mites at various census dates could be estimated by combining the two relationships. For example, the control threshold when assuming the economic injury level to be 50% of the leaf undersurface to be spotted was 0.1%, 15.6%, and 81.8% for 5, 16, and 26 July, respectively. However, the control threshold at more than 1 month before harvest was difficult to establish because of the high marketable quality of chrysanthemum. Wald's sequential likelihood-ratio test seemed useful in control decision-making.
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