The human estrogen receptor (hER) exists as two subtypes, hER a a and hER b b, that differ in the C-terminal ligand-binding domain and in the N-terminal transactivation domain. In this study, we investigated the estrogenic activities of soy isoflavones after digestion with enteric bacteria in competition binding assays with hER a a or hER b b protein, and in a gene expression assay using a yeast system. The estrogenic activities of these isoflavones were also investigated by the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.Isoflavone glycoside binds weakly to both receptors and estrogen receptor-dependent transcriptional expression is poor. The aglycones bind more strongly to hER b b than to hER a a. The binding affinities of genistein, dihydrogenistein and equol are comparable to the binding affinity of 17 b b-estradiol. Equol induces transcription most strongly with hER a a and hER b b. The concentration required for maximal gene expression is much higher than expected from the binding affinities of the compounds, and the maximal activity induced by these compounds is about half the activity of 17 b b-estradiol. Although genistin binds more weakly to the receptors and induces transcription less than does genistein, it stimulates the growth of MCF-7 cells more strongly than does genistein.

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The intake of weakly estrogenic isoflavonoids (phytoestrogens) is high in countries with a low incidence of estrogenrelated cancers, such as breast and prostate cancers. 1) Two ERs (a and b ) have been identified to date and the physiological responses of estrogens are known to be mediated within specific tissues by at least these two receptors.2,3) The ERs are a 3A member of the nuclear hormone receptor family and act as a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor. 4)In a previous paper, we reported the results of systematic examination of the estrogenic activities of soy isoflavones (e.g. daidzin, genistin and glycitin) and their metabolites (e.g. daidzein, genistein, glycitein, equol, dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein) by enteric bacteria, 5) and the activities of several other isoflavone derivatives isolated from Pueralia lobata and P. thomsonii. 6)Usually, when soy foods are consumed, the soy isoflavones are metabolized into their aglycones and the related compounds by enteric bacteria. We have proved in in vitro experiments that the soy isoflavone glycosides are less estrogenic than the metabolites, i.e., they are activated by enteric bacteria. The metabolites produced by enteric bacteria are absorbed through the intestinal membranes and transported to the liver where they undergo re-metabolization by hepatic enzymes. To evaluate the bioactive compounds in soy products, investigation of the compounds which are actually absorbed within the body is necessary. 7,8) Herein, we describe the results of an investigation on the estrogenic activities of soy isoflavone metabolites isolated from human urine samples. Their effects on the estrogen dependent growth of MCF-7 cells, 9,10) on human ERs (hERs a and b )-dependent b-galactosidase induction, and their binding behavior to hERs were studied. We also examined the estrogenic activities of some synthetic isoflavone sulfates for the purpose of comparison. [2,4,6, H(N)]-17b-Estradiol (72 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Dai-Ichi Pure Chemicals Co. Ltd. RPMI 1640 medium (with or without phenol red), fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin/EDTA, Dulbecco's phosphate-bufferd saline (PBS), and kanamycin sulfate were purchased from Lifetech (Rockville, MD, U.S.A.). MATERIALS AND METHODS ChemicalsIsoflavone Metabolites Isoflavone metabolites examined in this work are shown in Fig. 1. M-1-9 were isolated from human urine samples collected for 12 h after feeding soy bean curds.11) Dihydrodaidzein and O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) were synthesized following the method described by Wahara et al.12) Genistein 4Ј-O-sulfate (S-1), 4Ј,7-di-Osulfate (S-2), daidzein 4Ј-O-sulfate (S-3), and 4Ј,7-di-O-sulfate (S-4) were synthesized following the method described by Peterson et al. 13)Cells MCF-7 cells were supplied by the Cell Resource Center for the Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University.Growth of MCF-7 Cells MCF-7 cells were cultured in phenol red-free RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS and kanamycin sulfate (100 mg/ml) in 25 cm...

Estrogens play important hormonal roles in all vertebrates. Animal estrogens are exclusively steroidal compounds, and the principal physiological estrogen in most species is 17b-estradiol. Many plants produce isoflavones that possess estrogenic activity in animals and are, thus, called phytoestrogens. Two estrogen receptors (ERs) have been identified to date 1,2) and the physiological responses to estrogen are known to be mediated within specific tissues by at least these two receptors. The ERs are a 3A member of the nuclear hormone receptor family and act as ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors. 3)Among the foods consumed by humans, soybeans contain the highest concentration of isoflavones. We have examined the estrogenic activity of these soy isoflavones (e.g., daidzin, genistin and glycitin) and their metabolites (e.g., daidzein, genistein, glycitein, equol, dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein) by enteric bacteria in the previous paper. 4) In this paper, we examined the estrogenic activities of several other isoflavone derivatives by (A) binding to human estrogen receptor (hER) a and b, and (B) effect on estrogen receptordependent transcriptional expression. 4) MATERIALS AND METHODS

It is becoming increasingly important for clinicians to identify a safer intramuscular (IM) injection site in the deltoid muscle because of possible complications following the vaccine administration of IM injections. We herein examined 4 original IM sites located on the perpendicular line through the mid-acromion to establish a safer IM injection site. Thirty healthy volunteers participated in this study and the distances from our 4 IM sites to some anatomical landmarks on their left arms were measured. Ultrasonography (US) was also performed to measure the thickness of the deltoid muscle and identify the posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) along the course of the axillary nerve. Subcutaneous thickness was measured using 2 methods: measuring the skin thickness with caliper after pinching the skin, and with US. The results obtained revealed that the intersection between the anteroposterior axillary line (the line between the upper end of the anterior axillary line and the upper end of the posterior axillary line) and the perpendicular line from the mid-acromion was the most appropriate site for IM injections because it was distant from the axillary nerve, PCHA, and subdeltoid/subacromial brusa. At this site, depth of needle insertions was 5 mm greater than the subcutaneous thickness at a 90° angle, which was sufficient to penetrate subcutaneous tissue in both sexes. Subcutaneous thickness can be assessed with almost the same accuracy by US or measuring with calipers after pinching the skin. The results of the present study support the improved vaccine practice for safer IM injections.