Despite the low curative resection rate, prognosis after endoscopic resection of rectal NETs was excellent. Prospective large-scale, long-term studies are required to determine whether NET G2 and tumours >1 cm should be included in the indication for endoscopic resection and whether tumours with lymphovascular invasion can be followed up without additional surgery.

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By MTT assay, 0.5 mM metformin inhibited proliferation of Ca9-22 cells to 70% of control. In the presence of 100 μM JPH203, proliferation of Ca9-22 cells was inhibited to 60% of control. By combining these 2 drugs, proliferation of Ca9-22 was significantly inhibited to 40% of control. However, this regimen was not very effective against HEp-2 cells. This combination also suppressed in vivo growth of Ca9-22 cells in a xenotransplant model. A combination of anti-LAT1 drug with metformin may be an effective anti-proliferative therapy for certain subsets of cancers.

The expanded indication group showed excellent post-endoscopic submucosal dissection short-term and long-term outcomes compared with the absolute indications group, demonstrating that expanded indications are suitable for endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer.

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Background and Aim: Acotiamide is a newly developed prokinetic drug that is clinically used to treat functional dyspepsia (FD). The objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic effects of acotiamide in patients with esophageal motility disorders (EMDs). Methods: Twenty-nine patients with both symptoms of FD and symptoms suspicious of EMDs were enrolled. Esophageal motility function was evaluated by high-resolution manometry before and after 2 weeks administration of acotiamide (100 mg) 3 times per day. Results: Twenty-nine patients were diagnosed with achalasia (n = 4), esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) (n = 6), absent peristalsis (n = 2), distal esophageal spasm (n = 4), frequently failed peristalsis (n = 7), weak peristalsis (n = 2) and 4 of them were found to be normal. An analysis in all 29 patients showed that acotiamide had no effects on based on distal contractile integral (DCI), basal lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, or integrated relaxation pressure (IRP). Subgroup analysis, however, showed that acotiamide dramatically reduced IRP, from 19.5 (15.1-30.8) to 12.1 (5.6-16.4) mm Hg, and DCI, from 2,517.9 (1,451.0-8,385.0) to 1,872.5 (812.3-5,225.3) mm Hg·cm·s, in the 6 patients with EGJOO. Conclusions: Acotiamide potentially normalized impaired LES relaxation in patients with EGJOO, while having no effects on normal esophageal motility patterns. Acotiamide may be a promising treatment for EGJOO.

We studied the incorporation of cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) into hair from blood. At first, the time courses of three drugs in rat plasma following i.p. administration of cocaine were investigated over 360 min. AUCs of COC, BE and EME in plasma were 14.2, 60.7 and 53.4 micrograms/ml/min, respectively. In contrast, the concentrations of the three compounds in hair were 16.4, 1.7 and 0.8 ng/mg. In spite of that, the AUC of COC in plasma was much lower than that of the other two compounds in plasma, the concentration of COC in hair was much higher than that of the other two compounds. The incorporation of COC into hair was much greater than that of BE and EME. If the incorporation of drugs from blood into hair is compared by [concentration in hair]/[AUC in plasma], that of COC, BE and EME is represented by 77:1.9:1. Our results suggest that the incorporation of drugs into hair from blood unexpectedly depends upon the physical properties of each drug.