The farside gravity field of the Moon is improved from the tracking data of the Selenological and Engineering Explorer (SELENE) via a relay subsatellite. The new gravity field model reveals that the farside has negative anomaly rings unlike positive anomalies on the nearside. Several basins have large central gravity highs, likely due to super-isostatic, dynamic uplift of the mantle. Other basins with highs are associated with mare fill, implying basalt eruption facilitated by developed faults. Basin topography and mantle uplift on the farside are supported by a rigid lithosphere, whereas basins on the nearside deformed substantially with eruption. Variable styles of compensation on the near- and farsides suggest that reheating and weakening of the lithosphere on the nearside was more extensive than previously considered.
[1] Same beam very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the two subsatellites of SELENE (KAGUYA) are demonstrated for purpose of the precise gravimetry of the Moon. Same beam VLBI contributes a great deal to cancel out the tropospheric and ionospheric delays and to determine the absolute value of the cycle ambiguity by using the multifrequency VLBI method. As a result, the differential phase delay of the X-band signal is estimated within an error of below 1 ps. This accuracy is more than 1 order of magnitude smaller than former VLBI results. The preliminary results for the orbit determination of the subsatellites show a decrease of the orbit error from a few hundreds of meters to around 10 m when the differential phase delay data are added to the conventional range and Doppler data. These results reveal the possibility of precise gravimetry.Citation: Kikuchi, F., et al. (2009), Picosecond accuracy VLBI of the two subsatellites of SELENE (KAGUYA) using multifrequency and same beam methods, Radio Sci., 44, RS2008,
SummaryThe inner ear of spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rats was functionally and morphologically examined in order to elucidate the relationship between diabetes mellitus and hearing impairment. At 3 months of age, WBN/Kob rats were non-diabetic, and their hearing function was normal. At 6-7 months of age, they showed decreased glucose tolerance and an increasing tendency toward urinary excretion of glucose without high plasma concentration of glucose, and were therefore judged to be pre-diabetic. They also displayed a significant elevation of hearing threshold in the auditory brainstem response, but showed little morphological and histochemical changes in the inner ear. At 12-13 months of age, they were spontaneously diabetic and showed a more apparent elevation of hearing threshold in auditory brainstem response than that in pre-diabetic animals. In addition, they displayed a marked decrease in the number of spiral ganglion cells and oedematous changes in the stria vascularis. The stria vascularis also showed a decrease in the intensity of staining with some lectins, i.e., wheat germ agglutinin, succinylated wheat germ agglutinin, Soranum tuberosum lectin, and concanavalin A. In conclusion, hearing impairment is induced by diabetes in the WBN/ Kob rats first as an elevation of hearing threshold along with glucose intolerance; secondly, as a decrease in the number of spiral ganglion cells; and thirdly, as oedematous change of the stria vascularis with decreased intensity of lectin staining. [Diabetologia (1995) tional and morphological examinations simultaneously on human subjects. However, we studied WBN/Kob rats which are derived from Wistar rats [14] and develop diabetes spontaneously due to endocrine-exocrine pancreatic insufficiency [15][16][17][18][19]. They begin to excrete odorous urine abundantly at the age of about 9 months, and thereafter show hyperglycaemia and marked intolerance to glucose. Since they can survive for a long time after the onset of diabetes without insulin treatment, they are a pertinent animal model for analysis of various aspects of diabetes [20,21]. In the present study, therefore, male WBN/Kob rats with spontaneous diabetes underwent functional, morphological, and histochemical examinations to determine the effects of diabetes on auditory function.
A Nd-doped Gd3Ga5O12(GGG) slab laser in normal pulsed operation at 1.06 µm is described. At the pulse repetition rate of 10 pps and pulse duration of 3 ms, the maximum output power was 230 W, and the slope efficiency was 2.4%. No remarkable decrease of slope efficiency was observed between 1 pps and 10 pps. The instability of the laser resonator is discussed with reference to the Mach-Zehnder interferograms under pumping.
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