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The associations between methylation frequencies at CIMP-related markers and MSI or MSI-/LOH- sporadic CRCs suggest that the majority of these tumors evolve through CIMP. These findings suggest that CIN and CIMP represent 2 independent and inversely related mechanisms of genetic and epigenetic instability in sporadic CRCs and confirm that MSI cancers arise as a consequence of CIMP.

In recent times, therapy for renal anemia has changed dramatically in that iron administration has increased and doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) have decreased. Here we used a prospective, observational, multicenter design and measured the serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels every 3 months for 2 years in 1086 patients on maintenance hemodialysis therapy. The associations of adverse events with fluctuations in ferritin and hemoglobin levels and ESA and iron doses were measured using a Cox proportional hazards model for time-dependent variables. The risks of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CCVD), infection, and hospitalization were higher among patients who failed to maintain a target-range hemoglobin level and who exhibited high-amplitude fluctuations in hemoglobin compared with patients who maintained a target-range hemoglobin level. Patients with a higher compared with a lower ferritin level had an elevated risk of CCVD and infectious disease. Moreover, the risk of death was significantly higher among patients with high-amplitude ferritin fluctuations compared with those with a low ferritin level. The risks of CCVD, infection, and hospitalization were significantly higher among patients who were treated with high weekly doses of intravenous iron compared with no intravenous iron. Thus, there is a high risk of death and/or adverse events in patients with hemoglobin levels outside the target range, in those with high-amplitude hemoglobin fluctuations, in those with consistently high serum ferritin levels, and in those with high-amplitude ferritin fluctuations.

The phase boundary between spinel (gamma phase) and MgSiO3 perovskite + MgO periclase in Mg2SiO4 was determined by in situ x-ray measurements by a combination of the synchrotron radiation source (SPring-8) and a large multianvil high-pressure apparatus. The boundary was determined at temperatures between 1400 degrees to 1800 degreesC, demonstrating that the postspinel phase boundary has a negative Clapeyron slope as estimated by quench experiments and thermodynamic analyses. The boundary was located at 21.1 (+/-0.2) gigapascals, at 1600 degreesC, which is approximately 2 gigapascals lower than earlier estimates based on other high-pressure studies.

We have conducted H 2 O partitioning experiments between wadsleyite and 12 ringwoodite and between ringwoodite and perovskite at 1673K and 1873K, respectively. 13 These experiments were performed in order to constrain the relative distribution of H 2 O 14 in the upper mantle, the mantle transition zone, and the lower mantle. We successfully 15 synthesized coexisting mineral assemblages of wadsleyite-ringwoodite and 16 ringwoodite-perovskite that were large enough to measure the

The water content in modified spinel, synthesized at 15.5 GPa under hydrous conditions, has been measured by means of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMSrpar;. We found that the modified spinel crystals contain up to 3.1±0.4 wt % H2O, which is consistent with the amounts estimated from the deficits in the oxide totals of the microprobe analysis. X‐ray diffraction analyses for a single crystal showed that the sample containing 2.5±0.3 wt % H2O is of the modified spinel structure with the lattice parameters a=5.663(1), b=11.546(2), c=8.247(4)Å and V=539.2(5)ų. The present results suggest that a considerable amount of H2O may exist as hydrous modified spinel in the mantle transition zone, which could have important implications for the constitution and dynamics of the mantle.

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