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Most studies of racial discrimination concentrate on identifying the existence rather than the source of discrimination. In contrast, this paper tests directly for racial discrimination by major league baseball customers by examining the market for baseball cards. In Tobit regressions, the market prices of cards consistently reject player performance records and other demand variables. When interactive race-productivity variables are included in the models, a sign$cant and complex pattern offan discrimination against black pitchers and black hitters is found. Discrimination against latin players is not found.

This article builds on the existing conceptualization of multinational corporation (MNC) knowledge management by exploring the critical liaison role played by host country nationals (HCNs), especially those working directly with expatriate managers. We first discuss this proposed HCN local liaison role between expatriate and local employees within theoretical constructs of network theory and absorptive capacity. Then we present a model of five possible important HCNL role componentsÑincluding cultural interpreter, communication manager, information resource broker, talent manager, and internal change agentÑand related specific behavioral functions for each component. We also consider benefits and limitations of this HCN local liaison role, as well as areas for future research to help elucidate and validate this present model of the HCN local liaison role. This model also provides some practical guidance to assist multinational organizations in taking advantage of this potentially valuable liaison role for enhancing performance in host‐country operations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Although researchers agree that the black-white wage gap has shrunk over time, they continue to debate the degree to which changes in attitudes, narrowing productivity differences, or corrective legislation are responsible. This article tests for evidence of attitude changes, investigating an area that arguably reflects attitudes more directly than most measures-fan voting for baseball S annual All-star Game. African American candidates are found to have received substantially fewer votes than other candidates, ceteris paribus. in the 1970s. However, that vote differential declined sharply as time passed, and may even have eventually reversed. These results support the view that discriminatory attitudes have diminished. (JEL 57)

Fish are important in the structuring of other communities and may have large effects on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. The structure of fish communities, in turn, seems to differ with climate. We compared the characteristics of fish assemblages in lowland streams located in two contrasting climates (cold-temperate Europe and subtropical South America) by use of published and unpublished data on streams of similar depth, width, and slope (n total = 91 streams). We also selected a subset of seven comparable little-affected streams in the two contrasting climates: temperate (Denmark, 55°-57°N, Dk) and subtropical (Uruguay, 30°-35°S, Uy) and compared the fish community structures in relation to environmental characteristics. We then analysed a series of potential explanatory factors behind the patterns observed, in particular the effect of ambient temperature, by comparing temperature-corrected community metabolism. Significantly higher species richness, higher densities, lower biomass, smaller mean body size, and lower mean weight of fish were observed for the subtropical streams than for the temperate streams, both in the literature review and in the subset of streams. Several characteristics of fish assemblages in streams may be explained by direct and indirect effects of temperature. Accordingly, fish in subtropical systems had a Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (temperature-corrected community metabolism I m -2 equal to that of fish in temperate systems, indicating that temperature, besides historical factors, is an important driver of different size structures. Our findings concur with differences previously found in littoral areas of shallow lakes, suggesting that these patterns are not restricted to running waters. Our results elucidate how fish community structure might be affected by increases in temperature triggered by climate warming.