These results showed that increased blood pressure fluctuation, not absolute or relative hypotension, was predictive of postoperative delirium.

These findings suggest that birth trauma simulated by ballooning and ovariectomy may contribute to stress urinary incontinence. The alteration in smooth muscle caveolae as well as the membrane protein caveolin may have a role in functional alterations caused by birth trauma and ovariectomy.

H ydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution is often given intravenously to replace blood loss, stabilize blood pressure, and normalize blood oxygen levels in those undergoing surgery or after a trauma. However, previous studies suggest that HES may increase the risk of kidney failure in critically ill patients. To investigate the effects of HES, researchers conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of 36 patients undergoing surgery to remove the prostate gland owing to cancer (radical prostatectomy). Patients received either 6% HES or 0.9% saline at 7.5 mL/kg during the first hour of surgery and 5 mL/kg in the subsequent hours.The results showed that both groups displayed similar levels of urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), urine output, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, plasma creatinine, urine albumin, and arterial blood pressure. The HES group showed higher blood loss, with substantially lower plasma albumin. An increase in renin and angiotensin II was found in both groups, and notably increased aldosterone and vasopressin levels were detected in the saline group.In patients having their prostate gland removed, a solution of 6% HES did not have a toxic effect on the kidneys. However, an increase in blood loss was observed in those receiving the 6% HES solution.