Fast responsive generation, demand control and energy storage are valuable power system regulation resources because they allow controls to be applied at the exact moment and in the exact amount needed. Faster control could potentially provide more reliable compliance with the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Control Performance Standards (CPS) [1] at relatively lesser regulation capacity procurements. The current California Independent System Operator (ISO) practices and markets do not provide a differentiation among the regulation resources based on their speed of response (with the exception of some capacity bid limitations applied to generators with minimum ramping capability). California ISO practices and markets could be updated to enable more fast regulation resources into the California ISO service area.This project meets the following objectives:• Develop methodology to assess the relative value of generation resources used for regulation and load-following California ISO functions. This assessment was done based on physical characteristics of the California ISO regulating units including the ability to quickly change their output following California ISO signals • Evaluate what power is worth on different time scales• Analyze the benefits of new regulation resources to provide effective compliance with the mandatory NERC Control Performance Standards [1] • Evaluate impacts of the newly proposed balancing authority (BA) area control error (ACE) limit (BAAL) [3] and frequency responsive reserve (FRR) [5] standards on the value of fast regulation resources • Develop a scope for follow-up projects to pave a road for the new efficient types of balancing resources in California.The work described in this report was coordinated by the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions with funding provided by the California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program, under the direction of Joseph H. Eto, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CERTS Program Office.The work has been conducted at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) by the project manager and principal investigator Yuri V. Makarov and other PNNL participants including Jian Ma, Shuai Lu and Tony B. Nguyen. The California ISO support team included David L. Hawkins, Clyde Loutan, Sirajul Chowdhury, Tim VanBlaricom, and others.iv The work included the following tasks:• Perform California ISO regulating units' characteristics analysis• Perform automatic generation systems' (AGC) analysis• Perform regulation procurement and market analysis• Perform fast regulation efficiency analysis• Project the load-following and regulation requirements into the future• Determine the value of fast responsive resources depending on their ramping capability • Identify the potential impacts of the balancing authority area control error limit, which is a part of the newly proposed NERC standard "Balancing Resources The following main conclusions and suggestions for the future have been made:• Our analysis...
The addition of phosphorus to conventional borosilicate glasses is explored as a way to increase the incorporation of high-field-strength cations such as Mo(VI) into chemically durable materials. We have studied the molecular-level structure of borosilicate glasses containing up to 4 mol % P2O5 using multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, alongside their dissolution behavior in water using static tests. Phosphorus is predominantly present as phosphate dimers but tends to cluster into alkali-phosphate regions at higher loadings. In the presence of molybdenum, macroscale segregation into a water-soluble amorphous P- and Mo-rich phase is observed, reducing the chemical durability. However, the formation of a silicate-rich amorphous layer significantly retards ion release after a few days, suggesting that, despite the inferior durability of the phosphate phase, the overall durability of the glass monolith may prove acceptable for further consideration as a high-Mo nuclear wasteform.
Large-scale assessments of the vulnerability of electric infrastructure are usually performed for a baseline water year or a specific period of drought. This approach does not provide insights into the full distribution of stress on the grid across the diversity of historic climate events. In this paper we estimate the Western US grid stress distribution as a function of inter-annual variability in regional water availability. We softly couple an integrated water model (climate, hydrology, routing, water resources management, and socioeconomic water demand models) into an electricity production cost model and simulate electricity generation and delivery of power for combinations of 30 years of historical water availability data. Results indicate a clear correlation between grid vulnerability (unmet electricity services) for the month of August, and annual water availability. There is a 21% chance of insufficient generation (system threshold) and a 3% chance that at least 6% of the electricity demand cannot be met in August. Better knowledge of the probability distribution of the risk exposure of the electricity system due to water constraints could improve power system planning. Deeper understanding of the impacts of regional variability in water availability on the reliability of the grid could help develop tradeoff strategies.
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