In many ways electrophoretic techniques appear ideal for quality monitoring of proteins and are thus well suited for the analysis of recombinant glycoproteins. The requirements of high throughput, comparative analysis and resolution of many variants are met by several electrophoretic techniques. A wide variety of such techniques are available to biotechnologists in the rapidly developing area of recombinant glycoproteins. It is the aim of this review to specifically cover recent work which has been applied to the analysis of DNA-derived glycoproteins, both from a process control standpoint and final product validation. All major areas of electrophoresis including sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), isoelectric focusing and techniques utilizing capillary electrophoresis are covered, with emphasis on analysis of glycoforms and oligosaccharide profiles of recombinant glycoproteins. As illustration, actual examples rather than standard glycoproteins are given to indicate the potential and limitations which may be encountered. It is anticipated that this review will prove a useful and practical guide to the latest developments by indicating the relevant merits of different methods.
This article rebuts Ed Kahn’s views of person-centered psychotherapy in his Journal of Humanistic Psychology article “A Critique of Nondirectivity in the Person-Centered Approach” published in Fall 1999. Kahn’s arguments are shown to be based on distortions and misunderstandings. The article shows that person-centered psychotherapists recognize the influence and thus “directivity” of all therapy and that nondirectivity in client-centered therapy refers to the therapist’s attitude and not technique. Kahn’s idea of a “one-person psychology” contradicts client-centered theory, and the basis for nondirectivity in Rogers’s theory is discussed. The article discusses a range of responses in client-centered work and shows the psycho-analytical premises in Kahn’s critique to be irrelevant to clientcentered nondirectivity. It discusses the humility of the therapist in relying on clients’ perceptions of their experiences and meanings as the basis for understanding. A segment from a person-centered session is presented as an illustration of nondirective process.
Development of effective and safe medication for the treatment of viral infections remains a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry in the 21st Century. There are numerous problems with the existing antiviral treatments both in terms of their safety and, in some cases, their cost, and they cannot be used generally but only in special circumstances. However, the threat of viral diseases ranging from AIDS and hepatitis C to influenza is increasing each year and there is considerable interest in safer and more generally applicable alternative treatments. It has been recognized for some time that some viruses have glycosylation features that are essential to their infectivity, but a means of providing a therapeutic route that is based on this has not been easy to exploit. In recent years, a number of possible approaches have been investigated and some of these are now considered to be realistic forms of therapy. Generally, approaches based on inhibition of the host machinery to glycosylate viral proteins or the ability of compounds to mimic the surface glycosylation of the virus seem to offer the best potential approaches. In this mini-review article, we look at recent advances in both of these areas and their potential to provide a new arsenal of antiviral therapeutics for AIDS, hepatitis C and influenza. Some of these are now entering clinical trials and others are at an advanced stage of preclinical development, but all of them represent good candidates for a therapy that could be more resilient to the problems of viral mutation and diversity.
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