Energy resiliency has been thrust to the forefront by recent severe weather events and natural disasters. Billions of dollars are lost each year due to power outages. This article highlights the unique value renewable energy hybrid systems (REHS), comprised of solar, energy storage, and generators, provide in increasing resiliency. We present a methodology to quantify the amount and value of resiliency provided by REHS, and ways to monetize this resiliency value through insurance premium discounts. A case study of buildings in New York City demonstrates how implementing REHS in place of traditional backup diesel generators can double the amount of outage survivability, with an added value of $781,200. For a Superstorm Sandy type event, results indicate that insurance premium reductions could support up to 4% of the capital cost of REHS, and the potential exists to prevent up to $2.5 billion in business interruption losses with increased REHS deployment.
Balance of Station CostsCosts to develop and commission a wind turbine project minus the wind turbine system. These costs include labor, equipment, and materials. CapExCapital expenditures to purchase, install, interconnect, and commission a distributed wind turbine. Cost of Goods SoldCost to manufacture a product. It includes the cost of purchased parts, materials and burdened shop labor. DeveloperCompany that sells and manages the development of distributed wind turbine projects. This is more common for projects with large turbines. DistributorCompany that is an intermediary between the original wind turbine equipment manufacturer and the developer or installer. InstallerIndividual or company that installs wind turbine projects. This term is typically used for projects with small wind turbines. (Larger projects are typically sold and managed by a "developer.") OpExOperating expenditures include all costs to operate and maintain the wind turbine system over its lifetime. TaxonomyCategorization and organization of cost items and activities needed to sell, develop, commission, and operate a distributed wind project during the entire operational life.vi This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.
Aims: Apelin and vitamin E have been proposed as signaling molecules, but their synergistic role is unknown. The aim of this work was to develop vitamin E TPGS/Apelin system to test their cardioprotective and metabolic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Methods: FDA-approved surfactant D-αtocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS-1000) and Apelin complex were characterized by physico-chemical methods (CMC determination, dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism). In vitro studies were carried out on H9C2 cardiomyoblasts and isolated murine cardiomyocytes. In vivo studies were performed in isoproterenol-and high-fat diet-induced cardiac remodeling models in mice. Results: We found that vitamin E TPGS/Apelin provide cardioprotective and metabolic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies revealed that vitamin E TPGS/Apelin reduces hypoxiainduced mitochondrial ROS production in cultured cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. In addition, vitamin E TPGS/Apelin confers apoptotic response to hypoxic stress in cells. In a mouse model of isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury, TPGS is not able to affect cardiac remodeling, however combination of vitamin E TPGS and Apelin counteracts myocardial apoptosis, oxidative stress, hypertrophy and fibrosis. Furthermore, combination treatment attenuated obesity-induced cardiometabolic and fibrotic remodeling in mice. Conclusion: Together, our data demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of vitamin E TPGS/Apelin complex to combat cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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