Therapy process research has made surprisingly little headway during the past 25 years, which has been attributed to a range of methodological and conceptual problems. As a result, appeals have been made for fresh approaches to psychotherapy process research. Here we provide an experiential learning model as one promising way to crystallize conceptualizations of competence in therapy and to advance research. The model provides an integrative account of the moderators and mediators believed to explain the way that therapy achieves its outcomes. Its breadth takes it beyond the scope of its closest rival, the assimilation model. By way of illustration, the theoretical components of the experiential metaphor were operationalized and mapped onto an existing competence scale, the Cognitive Therapy Scale.
This is the first extensive account of royal propaganda in England between 1689 and 1702. It demonstrates that the regime of William III did not rely upon legal or constitutional rhetoric as it attempted to legitimate itself after the Glorious Revolution, but rather used a protestant, providential and biblically-based language of 'courtly reformation'. This language presented the king as a divinely-protected godly magistrate who could both defend the true church against its popish enemies, and restore the original piety and virtue of the elect English nation. Concentrating upon a range of hitherto understudied sources - especially sermons and public prayers - the book demonstrates the vigour with which these ideas were broadcast by an imaginative group of propagandists enabling the king to cope with central political difficulties - the need to attract support for wars with France and the need to work with Parliament.
Recent scholarship has suggested that frequent receipt of news, especially in new media such as newspapers, altered conceptions of time in the early modern period. In particular, a new and modern "present" was born. This occupied a halfknown and semifluid point between the fixity of the past and the unpredictability of the future. It created an imagined contemporaneous moment that linked geographically dispersed events. It was progressive, appearing to move the world ever forward into a novel state. However, close examination of English newspapers in the period 1695-1713, the first era of sustained news periodicals, calls these suggestions into question. Certainly the press of this era provided a constant and corrective update of information from all over Europe. This might have encouraged a sense of a fluid, contemporaneous, and progressive present. However, newspapers also tended to catalog information like a chronicle, which had the potential to fix contents as established history rather than fluid news. Delays in communication from distant places and journalistic practices of holding back stories for later publication ensured that information of different ages was presented on the same page. This destroyed any clear sense of a contemporaneous moment. The requirement to print the next issue even when there was no new information drew explicit attention to the lack of progressive development in some stories. This article posits a highly fractured presentation of time in later Stuart newspapers. It suggests that this is perhaps best analyzed by concepts drawn from "postmodern" theory rather than a hunt for emerging features of "modernity."F or some decades, the Stuart age in England has been analyzed as the crucible of a new print-centered culture. With the rapid expansion of the press over the seventeenth century, scholars have posited new models of information and new kinds of social action made possible by these models. It has been suggested that in comparison with their predecessors, subjects of the later Stuart monarchs were significantly better informed about their world, and thus were able to participate in political, religious, and cultural debates that had hitherto been steered by elites. Jürgen Habermas's notion of a "structural transformation of the public sphere" has been central here, making an argument for a newly active audience
Although one of the most influential figures of his time, Bishop Gilbert Burnet has become one of the most neglected. This article outlines Burnet's worldview, arguing that it can only be partly understood by labelling him a ‘latitudinarian’ as scholars have hitherto tended to. Alongside Burnet's conventionally latitudinarian descriptions of Christianity as a set of rational and simple beliefs that could command very wide assent, the bishop also had a strong sense of history as a providential and apocalyptic unfolding of a battle between ‘true’ and ‘false’ churches, which was characterized by a powerful European dimension and by an identification of Antichrist with religious persecution. The article concludes with suggestions about how such lines of thought might have cohered with the more traditionally ‘latitudinarian’ elements of Burnet's philosophy, and about how they might allow historians to re-think the latitudinarian movement more generally.
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