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Pressure effect on crystallization of metallic glass Fe 72 P 11 C 6 Al 5 B 4 Ga 2 alloy with wide supercooled liquid region

A quenchable superhard high-pressure carbon phase was synthesized by cold compression of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes were placed in a diamond anvil cell, and x-ray diffraction measurements were conducted to pressures of Ϸ100 GPa. A hexagonal carbon phase was formed at Ϸ75 GPa and preserved at room conditions. X-ray and transmission electron microscopy electron diffraction, as well as Raman spectroscopy at ambient conditions, explicitly indicate that this phase is a sp 3 -rich hexagonal carbon polymorph, rather than hexagonal diamond. The cell parameters were refined to a 0 ‫؍‬ 2.496(4) Å, c0 ‫؍‬ 4.123(8) Å, and V0 ‫؍‬ 22.24(7) Å 3 . There is a significant ratio of defects in this nonhomogeneous sample that contains regions with different stacking faults. In addition to the possibly existing amorphous carbon, an average density was estimated to be 3.6 ؎ 0.2 g͞cm 3 , which is at least compatible to that of diamond (3.52 g͞cm 3 ). The bulk modulus was determined to be 447 GPa at fixed Kϵ4, slightly greater than the reported value for diamond of Ϸ440 -442 GPa. An indented mark, along with radial cracks on the diamond anvils, demonstrates that this hexagonal carbon is a superhard material, at least comparable in hardness to cubic diamond.

The structural transformation of polycrystalline Si induced by high energy ball milling has been studied. The structure and property characteristics of the milled powder have been investigated by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Raman scattering, and infrared absorption spectroscopy. Two phase amorphous and nanocrystalline Si has been produced by ball milling of polycrystalline elemental Si. The nanocrystalline components contain some defects such as dislocations, twins, and stacking faults which are typical of defects existing in conventional coarse-grained polycrystalline materials. The volume fraction of amorphous Si is about 15% while the average size of nanocrystalline grains is about 8 nm. Amorphous elemental Si without combined oxygen can be obtained by ball milling. The distribution of amorphous Si and the size of nanocrystalline Si crystallites is not homogeneous in the milled powder. The amorphous Si formed is concentrated near the surface of milled particles while the grain size of nanocrystalline Si ranges from 3 to 20 nm. Structurally, the amorphous silicon component prepared by ball milling is similar to that obtained by ion implantation or chemical vapor deposition. The amorphous Si formed exhibits a crystallization temperature of about 660 °C at a heating rate of 40 K/min and crystallization activation energy of about 268 kJ/mol. Two possible amorphization mechanisms, i.e., pressure-induced amorphization and crystallite-refinement-induced amorphization, are proposed for the amorphization of Si induced by ball milling.

Young's moduli of nanocrystalline Fe, Cu, Ni, and Cu-Ni alloys prepared by mechanical milling/alloying have been measured by the nanoindentation technique. The results indicate that Young's moduli of nanocrystalline Cu, Ni, and Cu–Ni alloys with a grain size ranging from 17 to 26 nm are similar to those of the corresponding polycrystals. The dependence of Young's modulus of nanocrystalline Fe on grain size corresponds well to a theoretical prediction, which suggests that the change in the Young and shear moduli of nanocrystalline materials, free of porosity, with a grain size larger than about 4 nm, should be very limited (<10%). It is likely that reported large decreases in the Young and shear moduli of nanocrystalline materials prepared by gas-condensation/vacuum consolidation result from a relatively large volume fraction of pores.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted much attention due to their outstanding catalytic performance in heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we report a template sacrificial method to fabricate an atomically dispersed Co catalyst; three kinds of silica templates with different microstructures (MCM-41, SBA-15, and FDU-12) were employed and the effect of pore structure of the templates on the dispersity of Co was investigated. The catalysts fabricated with different templates presented different Co dispersities, leading to distinguishing catalytic performance. The optimized Co 1 @NC-(SBA) catalyst with atomically dispersed Co displayed outstanding catalytic activity for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin-derived species as well as the hydrogenation of various nitroaromatics. The reaction mechanism of the HDO of vanillin was investigated by using density functional theory calculations as well.

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