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Bezafibrate improved hepatic steatosis and potently prevented inflammation, oxidative stress, HSC activation, and fibrogenesis in the liver. Moreover, this study was the first to demonstrate that bezafibrate directly inhibits hepatic fibrogenic response induced by TGF-beta1 in vitro. Hence bezafibrate may be a new therapeutic strategy against NASH and hepatic fibrosis.

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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and the TRH mimetic taltirelin have been used in Japan for the treatment of spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD), a type of progressive ataxia. A TRH mimetic, rovatirelin, ameliorates ataxia symptoms in the rolling mouse Nagoya, a hereditary SCD model. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of oral administration of rovatirelin on a cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C)-induced ataxia rat model, a sporadic SCD model characterized by gait abnormalities and falls because of cerebellar atrophy and investigate the central nervous system mechanism associated with rovatirelin-mediated amelioration of motor dysfunction in these rats.Rovatirelin at ≥3 mg/kg significantly decreased the fall index, which is a primary endpoint of improved motor function calculated by dividing the number of falls by the locomotor activity, in both male and female rats with Ara-C-induced ataxia. Furthermore, rovatirelin caused a significant increase in locomotor activity in a dosedependent manner. Taltirelin at ≥30 mg/kg ameliorated motor dysfunction in ataxic rats. Moreover, rovatirelin significantly increased acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) at ≥3 mg/kg and significantly increased DA levels in the dorsal striatum at ≥10 mg/kg in normal rats. In conclusion, oral administration of rovatirelin ameliorates motor dysfunction in rats with Ara-C-induced ataxia, owing to its ACh-increasing effects in the mPFC and DA-increasing effects in the dorsal striatum and NAc. Furthermore, the effects of rovatirelin were more potent than those of taltirelin.

Although 6-hydroxydopamine-induced (6-OHDA-induced) rats are a well-known Parkinson's disease model, the effects of dopamine D2 agonists in mice with 6-OHDA-induced lesions are not completely understood. We produced mice with 6-OHDA-induced lesions and measured their total locomotion counts following administration of several dopamine D2 agonists (pramipexole, ropinirole, cabergoline, rotigotine, apomorphine, talipexole, and quinelorane). Cabergoline showed the longest duration of drug action, which was in agreement with its long-lived anti-Parkinson effects in rats and humans. In contrast, pramipexole and ropinirole had notably short durations of drug action. We demonstrated that mice with 6-OHDA-induced lesions accompanied with significant lesions in the striatum may be reasonable models to predict the action duration of anti-Parkinson drug candidates in humans.