Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) is a disease devastating to rice. We have studied the Arabidopsis-P. oryzae pathosystem as a model system for nonhost resistance (NHR) and found that SOBIR1, but not BAK1, is a positive regulator of NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis. AGB1 is also involved in NHR. However, the genetic interactions between SOBIR1, BAK1, and AGB1 are uncharacterized. In this study, we delineated the genetic interactions between SOBIR1, BAK1, and AGB1 in NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis and found SOBIR1 and AGB1 independently control NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis pen2-1 mutant plants. Furthermore, XLG2, but not TMM, has a positive role in penetration resistance to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis pen2-1 mutant plants. Our study characterized genetic interactions in Arabidopsis NHR. Abbreviations: PRR: pattern recognition receptor, RLK: receptor-like kinase, RLP: receptor-like protein, BAK1: BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1, BIR1: BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1, SOBIR1: SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1-1, AGB1: ARABIDOPSIS G PROTEIN ß-SUBUNIT 1, XLG2: EXTRA-LARGE G PROTEIN 2.
Sticker stain is a material defect that results from moisture migration during wood drying, often spoiling the appearance of the surface of wood products. The effect of drying temperatures on the occurrence of surface sticker stain was investigated using Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and three types of stickers (air-dried Japanese cedar, aluminum, and stainless steel) under four drying temperatures (20°C, 50°C, 75°C, and 100°C). At lower drying temperatures, the air-dried wood sticker tended to suppress the occurrence of surface sticker stains, whereas higher temperature or metal stickers produced sticker stains with deep color. However, no definitive relation was shown between the initial moisture content and the extent of sticker stain with deep color regardless of drying temperatures. It was considered that the partial delay of drying happened around the contact area with stickers, especially in cases of metal stickers. It was also found that the use of metal stickers at higher drying temperatures induced depressions in Fourier transform infrared spectra related to the occurrence of hygrothermal conditions.
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