F usion genes involving ZNF384 have recently been identified in Bcell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 7 fusion partners have been reported. We further characterized this type of fusion gene by whole transcriptome sequencing and/or polymerase chain reaction. In addition to previously reported genes, we identified BMP2K as a novel fusion partner for ZNF384. Including the EP300-ZNF384 that we reported recently, the total frequency of ZNF384-related fusion genes was 4.1% in 291 B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients enrolled in a single clinical trial, and TCF3-ZNF384 was the most recurrent, with a frequency of 2.4%. The characteristic
Summary Reactive aldehydes arise as by-products of metabolism and are normally cleared by multiple families of enzymes. We find that mice lacking two aldehyde detoxifying enzymes, mitochondrial ALDH2 and cytoplasmic ADH5, have greatly shortened lifespans and develop leukemia. Hematopoiesis is disrupted profoundly, with a reduction of hematopoietic stem cells and common lymphoid progenitors causing a severely depleted acquired immune system. We show that formaldehyde is a common substrate of ALDH2 and ADH5 and establish methods to quantify elevated blood formaldehyde and formaldehyde-DNA adducts in tissues. Bone-marrow-derived progenitors actively engage DNA repair but also imprint a formaldehyde-driven mutation signature similar to aging-associated human cancer mutation signatures. Furthermore, we identify analogous genetic defects in children causing a previously uncharacterized inherited bone marrow failure and pre-leukemic syndrome. Endogenous formaldehyde clearance alone is therefore critical for hematopoiesis and in limiting mutagenesis in somatic tissues.
CT designed the research, analyzed the data and wrote the paper; IS supervised the work; PVR, SC, RP and CDB performed experiments; GZ provided AML cell lines, reagents and analyzed the data; SC and DB commented on the paper. SC and RF provided AML samples. AA provided TALL samples. CT, PVR, SC assembled the figures. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS CT designed the research, analyzed the data and wrote the paper; IS supervised the work; PVR, SC, RP and CDB performed experiments; GZ provided AML cell lines, reagents and analyzed the data; SC and DB commented on the paper. SC and RF provided AML samples. AA provided TALL samples. CT, PVR, SC assembled the figures.
Translocations of retinoic acid receptor-α (), typically , are a genetic hallmark of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, because a small fraction of APL lack translocations of, we focused here on APL cases without translocation to elucidate the molecular etiology of-negative APL. We performed whole-genome sequencing, PCR, and FISH for five APL cases without translocations. Four of five-negative APL cases had translocations involving retinoic acid receptor-β () translocations, and was identified as an in-frame fusion in three cases; one case had an rearrangement detected by FISH, although the partner gene could not be identified. When transduced in cell lines, homodimerized and diminished transcriptional activity for the retinoic acid receptor pathway in a dominant-negative manner. enhanced the replating capacity of mouse bone marrow cells and inhibited myeloid maturation of human cord blood cells as did. However, the response of APL with translocation to retinoids was attenuated compared with that of , an observation in line with the clinical resistance of-positive APL to ATRA. Our results demonstrate that the majority of -negative APL have translocations, thereby forming a novel, distinct subgroup of APL. as an oncogenic protein exerts effects similar to those of, underpinning the importance of retinoic acid pathway alterations in the pathogenesis of APL. These findings report a novel and distinct genetic subtype of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by illustrating that the majority of APL without RARA translocations harbor RARB translocations. .
C hildren and adolescents with pre-existing conditions such as DNA repair defects or other primary immunodeficiencies have an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, largescale data on patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and their entire spectrum of pre-existing conditions are scarce. A retrospective multinational study was conducted by means of questionnaires sent out to the national study groups or centers, by the two largest consortia in childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the European Intergroup for Childhood non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, and the international BerlinFrankfurt-Münster Study Group. The study identified 213 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and a pre-existing condition. Four subcategories were established: a) cancer predisposition syndromes (n=124, 58%); b) primary immunodeficiencies not further specified (n=27, 13%); c) genetic diseases with no increased cancer risk (n=40, 19%); and d) non-classifiable conditions (n=22, 10%). Seventy-nine of 124 (64%) cancer predispositions were reported in groups with more than 20 patients: ataxia telangiectasia (n=32), Nijmegen breakage syndrome (n=26), constitutional mis-
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected in 20% to 30% of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (sBL). However, only a few studies of EBV-positive (EBV) sBL have been reported, and its characteristics still remain controversial. To highlight the features of EBV sBL, we compared the clinicopathologic characteristics of 33 cases of EBV and 117 cases of EBV-negative (EBV) sBL in Japan. EBV sBL showed significantly higher age distribution (median, 42 vs. 13 y; P<0.0001) and higher frequency of patients older than 50 years (48% vs. 16%, P<0.0001). We also revealed the difference of the involved sites. The EBV group showed significantly higher incidence of involvement of tonsil (P=0.027), adrenal gland (P=0.011), and cervical lymph node (P=0.040). In addition, the EBV group tended to have higher incidence of nodal involvement (P=0.078) and involvement of para-aorta lymph node (P=0.084) and heart (P=0.050). In contrast, the gastrointestinal tract was less frequently affected in EBV sBL (P=0.024). In addition, the less positivity for MUM1 (P=0.020) of EBV sBL was highlighted. These results indicate that biological behavior and pathogenesis of EBV sBL might be different from those of EBV sBL. Our results demonstrate that EBV sBL has an aspect of age-related disease and is a distinct clinicopathologic subtype, which should be distinguished from EBV sBL.
Fanconi anemia is a rare recessive disease characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and a predisposition to malignancies. It results from mutations in one of the 22 known FANC genes. The number of Japanese Fanconi anemia patients with a defined genetic diagnosis was relatively limited. In this study, we reveal the genetic subtyping and the characteristics of mutated FANC genes in Japan and clarify the genotype-phenotype correlations. We studied 117 Japanese patients and successfully subtyped 97% of the cases. FANCA and FANCG pathogenic variants accounted for the disease in 58% and 25% of Fanconi anemia patients, respectively. We identified one FANCA and two FANCG hot spot mutations, which are found at low percentages (0.04-0.1%) in the whole-genome reference panel of 3,554 Japanese individuals (Tohoku Medical Megabank). FANCB was the third most common complementation group and only one FANCC case was identified in our series. Based on the data from the Tohoku Medical Megabank, we estimate that approximately 2.6% of Japanese are carriers of disease-causing FANC gene variants, excluding missense mutations. This is the largest series of subtyped Japanese Fanconi anemia patients to date and the results will be useful for future clinical management.
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