Heteropteran insects produce a series of volatile compounds from their scent glands that protect them from predators and parasites. These compounds also play roles in chemical communication that elicit aggregation, dispersal, and mating behaviors. Hygia lativentris (Coreidae) adults frequently aggregate on host plants. When disturbed, they quickly disperse with the release of a sour smell, suggesting that these bugs possess an alarm pheromone in their secretions. This adult secretion-induced dispersal has been examined with a laboratory assay. Hexanal, the predominant component of the adult secretion was identified as a component of the alarm pheromone by evaluation of the adult bug's response time and escape distance from the chemical source. Physicochemical analyses with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that secretory components differed between nymphs and adults, and also during adult aging. Nymphs produced two unsaturated compounds, (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, together with hexanal and 1-hexanol, which were found in all developmental stages. In adults, hexyl acetate was the major component of secretions within 3 days of emerging, while the amount of this ester decreased and those of hexanal, hexanoic acid, and hexanal trimer increased with aging. The decomposition of hexyl acetate into hexanal via 1-hexanol was attributed to the presence of esterases and alcohol dehydrogenases specifically found in adult secretory glands. In contrast, the formation of a hexanal trimer may be due to a non-enzymatic reaction under acidic conditions.
N-Doped carbon dots (N-CDs) from tannic acids showed a capability to act as visible light active photosensitisers. The photosensitizing efficiency of N-CDs was enhanced by the conjugation with gold nanoparticles.
Key words:intermittent pneumatic compression, perfusion index, peripheral circulation 〈Abstract〉 Applying intermittent pneumatic compression(IPC)to the legs as a prophylactic physiotherapy for deep-vein thrombosis mechanically increases venous return from the lower limbs. We examined the effect of IPC on peripheral circulation and systemic hemodynamics during hemodialysis(HD). Peripheral circulation in the distal part of the legs was estimated using a perfusion index(PI)that was determined based on the theory of pulse oximetery. Systemic hemodynamics were estimated using the changes in circulatory blood volume(% DBV) determined by continuous hematocrit measurement during HD and circulatory plasma volume(% DCPV) determined by the total plasma protein concentration before and after HD. Effects of the changes in peripheral / circulation on solutes removal were estimated by the clear space rate (clear space of solute/total body fluid:CSR) / and the fractional urea clearance(Kt/V). There was a linear decline in % DBV from the beginning of HD, while PI progressively declined from 60 minutes after the beginning of HD. When IPC was applied, the decline of % DBV was significantly suppressed from 60 minutes after the beginning of HD, and the decline of PI, though not
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