In this paper, using recently completed "poverty maps" for Cambodia, Ecuador, and Madagascar, we simulate the impact on poverty of transferring an exogenously given budget to geographically defined sub-groups of the population according to their relative poverty status.We find large gains from targeting smaller administrative units, such as districts or villages.However, these gains are still far from the poverty reduction that would be possible had the planners had access to information on household level income or consumption. Our results suggest that a useful way forward might be to combine fine geographic targeting using a poverty map with within-community targeting mechanisms.
Acinetobacter sp. strain YAA is able to use aniline and o-toluidine as the sole carbon and energy source. This strain has several different plasmids and acridine orange curing suggested that aniline utilization in strain YAA was Sall fragment from the insert in E. coli resulted in the accumulation of catechol. Southern hybridization studies indicated that the aniline oxygenase gene (atdA) was present on one of the plasmids, pYA1. These results suggest that in strain YAA aniline is degraded via catechol through a pathway involving meta-cleavage of the benzene-ring by plasmid-encoded genes including atdA.
In this paper, we employ recently completed "poverty maps" for three countries as tools for an ex ante evaluation of the distributional incidence of geographic targeting of public resources. We simulate the impact on poverty of transferring an exogenously given budget to geographically defined sub-groups of the population according to their relative poverty status. We find large gains from targeting smaller administrative units, such as districts or villages. However, these gains are still far from the poverty reduction that would be possible had the planners had access to information on household level income or consumption. Our results indicate that a useful way forward might be to combine fine geographic targeting using a poverty map with within-community targeting mechanisms.
Dibenzo[b,f]arsepins possessing severely distorted cores compared to those of other heteropins were synthesized. These derivatives exhibited dual photoluminescence in the green-to-red region (500-700 nm) and the near-ultraviolet region (< 380 nm), whichcould be attributed to the planarization of the arsepin core in the lowest singlet excited (S 1 )s tate. The computational approach for the assessment of the aromatic indices revealed that the dibenzoarsepins studied show aromaticity (8p system) in the S 1 states in line with Bairdsrule.The lone pair electrons of the arsenic atoms play ac rucial role in the aromaticity in the S 1 states.
Six different segmented copolyether-esters based on polybutyleneterephthalate as the hard and oligotetramethylene oxide glycols as the soft segments were studied. The weight fraction of the hard segments varied between 0.26 and 0.72 and the soft segment had an average molecular weight of either 1000 or 2000. The melting, recrystallization, and annealing behavior was studied as well as the relaxation behavior via measurement by a torsion pendulum. The DSC-data indicate that only a small fraction of all hard segment sequences crystallize. Sequences shorter or longer than the average sequence length d o not crystallize but together with the soft segments form a homogeneous amorphous matrix in which the crystalline domains are embedded. These domains are completely destroyed by cold flow under stress but are formed again on annealing the stretched sample. An exponential increase of the long spacing is observed with increasing annealing temperature without change in melting temperature. The sequence distribution does not seem to influence the annealing behavior.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Sechs verschiedene segmentierte Copolyetherester basierend auf Polybutylenterephthalat als hartem und Oligotetramethylenoxidglykol als weichem Segment wurden untersucht. Der Gewichtsbruch der Hartsegmente lag zwischen 0,26 und 0,72, und die Weichsegmente hatten Molgewichte von entweder 1 OOO oder 2000. Das Schmelz-, Rekristallisations-1. Mittlg. cf.".und Temperverhalten sowie Relaxationsphanomene wurden untersucht ; letzteres mit Hilfe eines Torsionspendels.Die DSC-Daten zeigen, daI3 nur ein kleiner Teil aller Hartsegmente kristallisiert. Sequenzen, die kiirzer oder langer als die mittlere Sequenzlange sind, kristallisieren nicht, sondern bilden zusammen mit den Weichsegmenten eine homogene amorphe Matrix, in die die kristallinen Domanen eingebettet sind. Diese Domanen werden infolge kalten Flusses unter Spannung vollstandig zerstort, bilden sich jedoch bei Temperung der verstreckten Proben wieder aus. Man beobachtet ein exponentielles Anwachsen der Langperiode mit zunehmender Tempertemperatur, wobei der Schmelzpunkt konstant bleibt. Die Sequenzlangenverteilung scheint keinen EinfluB auf das Temperverhalten zu haben.
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