The purpose of this study was to compare anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) regeneration between animal groups subjected to intra-articular injection of fresh whole bone marrow cells (BMCs), cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), or saline. Partially transected ACLs in Fischer 344/Nslc rats were prepared, followed by injection of BMCs, MSCs, or saline into the articular cavity at 1 week after transection. Donor cells expressing green fluorescent protein were detected in the recipient's transected ACLs at 4 weeks in the BMC and MSC groups, and their ACLs appeared almost normal histologically. Further, there were significantly more mature spindle cells in the BMC group than in the saline group at 4 weeks. Biomechanically, the tensile strength in the BMC group reached near normal levels at 4 weeks after injection. The levels of transforming growth factor-β1 in the ACL tissue and knee joint fluid in the BMC group were increased significantly compared with that of the saline group at 4 weeks as detected by immunohistochemical analysis. In conclusion, intra-articular bone marrow transplantation using fresh whole BMCs is an effective treatment for ACL partial rupture. This therapy is easy to apply in a clinical setting because no culture system is required for collecting MSCs.

The number of people with dementia is increasing worldwide and is projected to double every 20 years to 74.7 million by 2030 and 131.5 million by 2050. As of 2001, globally, the number of people with dementia aged 60 years or older was estimated to be 24.3 million, and the prevalence of dementia was 3.9%; therefore, approximately 4.6 million new-onset dementia patients will be diagnosed annually (Ferri et al., 2005). Compared with the 2009 report, the prevalence is increasing in Asia and Africa, especially in low-and middle-income countries. However, the prevalence has declined in Europe and North America. Various studies have been conducted on the development of treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but at present, no effective countermeasures are available. With the increasing number of dementia patients, attention has focused on mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a predementia stage. MCI is a concept proposed by Petersen et al. in 1995, and it is defined as a condition in which cognitive function is lower than expected owing to physiological aging changes, but is not dementia. In MCI, the ability to carry out daily activities

BackgroundTotal hip arthroplasty (THA) is a challenging surgical procedure that can be used to treat severely dislocated hips. There are few reports regarding cemented THAs involving subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy (SSO), even though cemented THAs provide great advantages because the femur is generally hypoplastic with a narrow, deformed canal.PurposesWe evaluated the utility of cemented THA with SSO for Crowe group IV hips, and assessed the relationship between leg lengthening and nerve injury. Our goal was to describe surgical techniques for optimizing surgical outcomes while minimizing the risk of nerve injury.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 34 cases of cemented THAs with transverse SSO for Crowe group IV. Prior to surgery, mean hip flexion was 93.1° (40°–130°). The mean follow-up period was 5.2 years (3–10 years).ResultsBone union took an average of 7.7 months (3–24 months). Mean leg lengthening was 40.5 mm (15–70 mm) and was greater in patients without hip flexion contracture. None of the patients experienced any nerve injuries associated with leg lengthening, and radiographic evidence of loosening was not observed at the final follow-up.ConclusionsSSO combined with cemented THA is an effective treatment for severely dislocated hips. Leg lengthening is not necessarily associated with nerve injuries, and the likelihood of this surgical complication may be related to the presence of hip flexion contracture.

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