Despite widespread concern that fewer and fewer individuals wish to enter farming as a career intergenerational succession remains an important objective for many farm businesses Indeed it can be argued that intergenerational transfer represents a fundamental aspect of the social sustainability of family farming Previous research has frequently focused on the transfer of physical assets while less attention has been devoted to the transfer of the intangible assets of the farm business such as managerial skills and farm specific knowledge This paper focuses on the succession process after a successor has been identified and analyses patterns of behaviour regarding the delegation of management responsibility Data from the international comparative studies is used to compare the main routes to succession in four countries and identifies how different routes to succession can influence the delegation of managerial responsibility In doing so the paper reflects on the farmer s boy problem and considers the implications for the successful transfer and survivability of the farm business Key words farm family business succession retirement intangible assets managerial skills routes to succession delegation
Let G be a connected reductive algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field k. The aim of this paper is to present a method to find triples (G, M, H) with the following three properties. Property 1: G is simple and k has characteristic 2. Property 2: H and M are closed reductive subgroups of G such that H < M < G, and (G, M ) is a reductive pair. Property 3: H is G-completely reducible, but not M -completely reducible. We exhibit our method by presenting a new example of such a triple in G = E 7 . Then we consider a rationality problem and a problem concerning conjugacy classes as important applications of our construction.
Let k be a separably closed field. Let G be a reductive algebraic k-group. We study Serre's notion of complete reducibility of subgroups of G over k. In particular, using the recently proved center conjecture of Tits, we show that the centralizer of aWe present examples where the number of overgroups of irreducible subgroups and the number of G(k)-conjugacy classes of k-anisotropic unipotent elements are infinite. much is known about complete reducibility over an arbitrary k except a few general results and important examples in [3], [6], [7, Sec. 7], [8], [38], [36, Thm. 1.8], [37, Sec. 4]. Let k s be a separable closure of k. Recall that if k is perfect, we have k s = k. The following result [6, Thm. 1.1] shows that if k is perfect and G is connected, most results in this paper just reduce to the algebraically closed case. Proposition 1.2. Let k be a field. Let G be connected. Then a k-subgroup H of G is G-cr over k if and only if H is G-cr over k s .
In this study, we extracted sago starch from sago pith waste (SPW) using a micro powder mill. The objectives were to recover the starch from the SPW and to understand the effects of micro powder milling on the physicochemical properties of micro-powder-milled sago starch. Milling was performed at different levels of disc clearance. Native sago starch extracted from sago pith, called untreated sago starch, was used as a comparison. The results show that micro powder milling of SPW can increase the sago starch yield by around 10 17%, depending on the milling disc clearance. The amount of soluble starch in the SPW after micro powder milling was low for all treatments. The sago starch size distribution was wider at narrow clearance, but similar at wide, wide-medium, and medium-narrow clearances. Scanning electron microscopy showed that a narrow clearance treatment reduced the smoothness of the granule surface, and also reduced the starch granule birefringence. X-ray diffraction showed that the crystallinity decreased with decreasing milling clearance. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the peak temperatures were similar at all levels, and the gelatinization enthalpy declined with decreasing crystallinity. The results suggest that sago starch can be recovered from SPW using micro powder milling, and the treatment, especially at narrow clearance, disrupts the crystalline regions of sago starch.
Let k be a nonperfect separably closed field. Let G be a connected reductive algebraic group defined over k. We study rationality problems for Serre's notion of complete reducibility of subgroups of G. In particular, we present a new example of subgroup H of G of type D4 in characteristic 2 such that H is G-completely reducible but not Gcompletely reducible over k (or vice versa). This is new: all known such examples are for G of exceptional type. We also find a new counterexample for Külshammer's question on representations of finite groups for G of type D4. A problem concerning the number of conjugacy classes is also considered. The notion of nonseparable subgroups plays a crucial role in all our constructions.of G that are G-cr over k but not G-cr (or vice versa). All these examples are for G of exceptional type (E 6 , E 7 , E 8 , G 2 ) in p = 2 and constructions are very intricate. The first main result in this paper is the following: Theorem 1.2. Let k be a nonperfect separably closed field of characteristic 2. Let G be a simple k-group of type D 4 . Then there exists a k-subgroup H of G that is G-cr over k but not G-cr (or vice versa).A few comments are in order. First, one can embed D 4 inside E 6 , E 7 or E 8 as a Levi subgroup. Since a subgroup contained in a k-Levi subgroup L of G is G-cr over k if and only if it is L-cr over k (Proposition 2.3), one might argue that our "new example" is not really new. However we have checked that our example is different from any example in [35, Thm.
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