Opposed flame spread of electric wire in sub-atmospheric pressure is studied experimentally. Thin-polyethylene (PE) coated nickel-chrome (NiCr) and iron (Fe) wire are used as test samples in this study. Total pressure is reduced from atmospheric (100 kPa) to sub-atmospheric (40 kPa) and range of employed external forced-flow speed is from 0 cm/s to 40 cm/s. Results show that the spread rate monotonically decreases, or stays nearly constant, as the forced-flow speed increases regardless of the material of the wire. Dependence of the spread rate on the opposed-flow speed appears differently depending on the material of the wire; with high-conductive material (Fe), decrement trend of the spread rate with wind is suppressed. Importantly, under the conditions considered in this study, the spread rate tends to increase as the pressure decreases regardless of the pressure and the material of the wire. Dependence of the spread rate on pressure is more pronounced with less-conductive (NiCr) wire, whereas less-pronounced with high-conductive (Fe) wire. Qualitative discussions are made to explain the observed spread trend and the importance of the presence of wire to characterize the flame spread of the wire is addressed.

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Flame spread over polymer-insulated wire in reduced (sub-atmospheric) pressure has been studied experimentally in order to evaluate the fire safety of electric circuit in the aircraft as well as the space habitats. Polyethylene (PE) insulated NiCr wire is used as the burning sample. Ambient gas is the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen, and the composition is fixed as air (79 vol.% of N2 and 21 vol.% of O2) throughout the study. Total pressure is reduced from atmospheric (101 kPa) to sub-atmospheric (20 kPa) in order to investigate the role of the reduced pressure on the flame spread along the wire. Spread event followed by the forced ignition is recorded by digital video camera to obtain any time-dependent flame behavior. Experimental results show that the flame shape is changed from typical “teardrop” to “round” (and even oval) with the decrease in total pressure. Flame spread rate increases in the reduced pressure although the partial pressure of oxygen is “reduced” with the total pressure. Such “pronounced” spread behavior is continuously observed until just before the extinction condition (∼25 kPa in the present study). The change in flame shape could enhance thermal input to the unburned PE through gas-phase conduction as well as conduction along the wire, and these should be responsible for the faster flame spread in sub-atmospheric pressure. Heat balance is roughly estimated with measured temperature and relative contribution of above two thermal input pathways is understood almost comparable. Importance of the presence of conductive material, such as metal wire, on flame spread is addressed in the current spread behavior.

Three-dimensional unsteady flow with localized areas with large vortices in the intake channel of a small-scale hydroelectric power station has been simulated numerically using a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) technique. The method computes the motion of the free surface and a standard Smagorinsky model with wall damping is used as the turbulence model. With the total number of grid points of about one-third of a million, the complex and unsteady nature of the vortical flow can be reproduced reasonably well by marginally resolving the near-wall flow. Intake vortex of weak intensity can be captured and the flow conditions associated with appearance of vortices can be examined based on the results of the present simulation.