山田 佳裕 1) ,井桁 明丈 2) ,中島 沙知 3) ,三戸 勇吾 3) ,小笠原貴子 4) , 和田 彩香 4) ,大野 智彦 5) ,上田 篤史 2),8) ,兵藤不二夫 2) ,今田 美穂 2) , 谷内 茂雄 2) ,陀安 一郎 6) ,福原 昭一 7) ,田中 拓弥 2) ,和田英太郎 2),9)The runoff of suspended substances,nitrogen,and phosphorus by enforced draining during the ploughing season
Experiments in paddy fieldsThe runoff of suspended substances (SS),nitrogen,and phosphorus by enforced draining during the ploughing season was calculated from experiments in two paddy fields.The area of a paddy field was 3000m 2 .The total fluxes were 33 kg (SS), 85 g (total-N), and 46 g (total-P) in Field A, with a small decrease in water levels (8mm), 110kg (SS),589 g (total-N),and146 g (total-P) in Field B with a major decrease in water levels (72mm). Furthermore, the nitrogen/phosphorus ratios (mol ratios) of the waste water by the enforced draining were 4.1 (Field A) and 8.8 (Field B).In comparison with N/P of the phytoplankton (16),it was found that the phosphorus flowed out efficiently with the enforced draining.Increasing the supply of the phosphorus to Lake Biwa is not desirable in view of the current problems of eutrophication.The careless water management of paddy fields was a crucial factor in any plan to improve the water quality of Lake Biwa.
The advocacy coalition framework (ACF), a unified framework for understanding the policy process, has been applied in various countries and regions; however, there are few contributions from Japan, despite seemingly favorable conditions for applying it. An exploration of what hinders ACF applications in Japan is worthwhile for developing the ACF as a framework for comparative policy process studies across various social and political settings. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review previous Japanese ACF studies. Our review found that Japanese ACF studies are fewer in number, have less coverage of policy fields, and have less methodological diversity and transparency than international trends. While most of the Japanese ACF studies supported the basic hypotheses of the ACF, we found a need to refine some hypotheses and research methods of the ACF studies. We also discuss the background factors in the inactivity of ACF studies in Japan and suggest solutions for it.
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