The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO, https://hpo.jax.org) was launched in 2008 to provide a comprehensive logical standard to describe and computationally analyze phenotypic abnormalities found in human disease. The HPO is now a worldwide standard for phenotype exchange. The HPO has grown steadily since its inception due to considerable contributions from clinical experts and researchers from a diverse range of disciplines. Here, we present recent major extensions of the HPO for neurology, nephrology, immunology, pulmonology, newborn screening, and other areas. For example, the seizure subontology now reflects the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) guidelines and these enhancements have already shown clinical validity. We present new efforts to harmonize computational definitions of phenotypic abnormalities across the HPO and multiple phenotype ontologies used for animal models of disease. These efforts will benefit software such as Exomiser by improving the accuracy and scope of cross-species phenotype matching. The computational modeling strategy used by the HPO to define disease entities and phenotypic features and distinguish between them is explained in detail.We also report on recent efforts to translate the HPO into indigenous languages. Finally, we summarize recent advances in the use of HPO in electronic health record systems.
Background: A novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak began in Wuhan, Hubei Province, in December 2019; the outbreak was caused by a novel coronavirus previously never observed in humans. China has imposed the strictest quarantine and closed management measures in history to control the spread of the disease. However, a high level of evidence to support the surgical management of potential trauma patients during the novel coronavirus outbreak is still lacking. To regulate the emergency treatment of trauma patients during the outbreak, we drafted this paper from a trauma surgeon perspective according to practical experience in Wuhan.
Main body:The article illustrates the general principles for the triage and evaluation of trauma patients during the outbreak of COVID-19, indications for emergency surgery, and infection prevention and control for medical personnel, providing a practical algorithm for trauma care providers during the outbreak period.
Conclusions:The measures of emergency trauma care that we have provided can protect the medical personnel involved in emergency care and ensure the timeliness of effective interventions during the outbreak of COVID-19.
Vaccine hesitancy is an obstacle to achieving high vaccination rates for COVID-19. Current knowledge on vaccine uptake is mostly based on hypothetical intention to vaccinate surveys. We compared intention to vaccinate and real-world vaccine uptake among 511 soldiers in a military unit during an unrestricted, on-site COVID-19 vaccine rollout. Soldiers were offered group lectures, on-site consultations and primary care office visits, discussing concerns on vaccination with a primary care physician. Overall, 359 (70.3%) soldiers participated in the group lectures, 33 (6.5%) in on-site consultations and 19 (3.7%) attended primary care visits. Overall, 459 (89.8%) of 511 soldiers vaccinated for COVID-19. Of the 90 soldiers initially refusing, 38 (42.2%) had agreed to receive a vaccine. On-site COVID-19 vaccine rollout joined with primary care communication interventions may maximize vaccine uptake within a young-adult community. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of these efforts across different populations in a controlled and comparative manner.
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