Abstract:The paper presents a synthesis of approaches to development and functioning of Functional Urban Areas. The authors present typology of such areas and determine how they facilitate the flow of various types of potentials, paying particular attention to creativity and innovations. The emphasis is put particularly on non-spatial factors of development of such areas. The process of forming the functional area basing on common strategy of development founded on various types of potentials is presented on two examples.
W pracy przedstawiono analizę zużycia paliw i energii do ogrzewania budynków mieszkalnych. W szczególności wyznaczono wskaźniki sezonowego zapotrzebowania na ciepło w badanych obiektach i ich korelację z rokiem budowy lub termomodernizacji budynków. Na podstawie analizy opracowano model jednostkowego zapotrzebowania na ciepło do celów grzewczych, w postaci nadającej się do wykorzystania przez samorządy terytorialne przy opracowywaniu planów zapotrzebowania na ciepło. Przedstawiono również analizę struktury źródeł ciepła wykorzystanych do ogrzewania budynków ze względu na rodzaj stosowanych paliw i wiek instalacji grzewczej, a także plany właścicieli budynków w zakresie termomodernizacji budynków i modernizacji systemu ogrzewania.
The development of public transport systems is related to the implementation of modern and low-carbon vehicles. Over the last several years, there has been a clear progress in this field. The number of electric buses has increased, and the first solutions in the area of hydrogen fuel cells have been implemented. Unfortunately, the implementation of these technologies is connected with significant financial expenditure. The goal of the article is the analysis of effectiveness of financial investment, consisting in the purchase of 30 new public transport buses (together with the necessary infrastructure–charging stations). The analysis has been performed using the NPV method for the period of 10 years. Discount rate was determined on 4%, as recommended by the European Commission for this type of project. It is based on the case study of the investment project carried out by Metropolis GZM in Poland. The article determines and compares the efficiency ratios for three investment options-purchase of diesel-powered, battery-powered, and hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles. The results of the analysis indicate that the currently high costs of vehicle purchase and charging infrastructure are a significant barrier for the implementation of battery-powered and hydrogen fuel-cell buses. In order to meet the transport policy goals related to the exchange of traditional bus stock to more eco-friendly vehicles, it is necessary to involve public funds for the purpose of financing the investment activities.
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