The ability of bioassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) methods to detect sulfonylurea herbicides in soil was evaluated as part of a project studying the leaching and persistence of these herbicides in the alkaline soils of south-eastern Australia. Soil samples with known concentrations between 0.1 and 10 lg a.i. kg A1 chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl or triasulfuron were prepared by an independent laboratory and supplied in coded bags to separate laboratories for testing. The accuracy of the results was analysed, and the merits of each method are discussed. Bioassay was suitable for measuring biologically active residues from 0.1 to 1.0 lg a.i. kg A1 . ELISA accurately measured residues in the range of 0.1±10 lg a.i. kg A1 , making it the most widely adaptable assay tested. It will be useful for measuring residues in sodic subsoils where bioassay plants grow poorly. There was good reproducibility between the bioassay and ELISA. The hplc technique used in this study was not as accurate as bioassay or ELISA at quantifying residues of 3.0±10 lg a.i. kg A1 and could not detect residues at or below 1.0 lg a.i. kg A1 .
Multi-state systems have recently attracted a great deal of interest with regards to reliability and maintenance. Since most mechanical equipment operates under some sorts of stress or load, it tends to degrade over time, thus possibly resulting in discrete degradation states (damage degrees), ranging from perfect functioning to complete failure. Over recent years, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) have been applied to model these discrete degradation states for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. However, most of the reported researches on HMMs for multi-state equipment in the literature consider only one degradation mechanism of degradation processes. The present paper proposes a novel model called multi-branch HMM (MB-HMM) to deal with deterioration processes modeling under multiple competing modes. To illustrate the proposed approach, a numerical study is given.
The authors of the article present the idea of the maintenance of aircrafts’ battle damages. The aim of the paper is to discuss the issue of the field maintenance of aircrafts. The process of evaluating damages and recommendations regarding verification of airframe structure elements and its equipment damaged by an enemy’s impact has been addressed. The paper demonstrates the changes in dealing with the issue of battle damages of aircrafts, which have occurred over the period of several decades. The new challenges faced by personnel servicing the modern aviation constructions in a contemporary battlefield have been subjected to the evaluation. Concepts regarding the new maintenance methods of an airframe construction of military aircrafts have been outlined.
The dynamics of change in the contemporary world affect all areas including cross-border material flows. On the one hand, globalization has disseminated thought models and patterns of behavior based on decision patterns, thus bringing logistics to the "templates" of efficient logistics. On the other hand, has imposed and forced the need for continuous changes in the optimization of decision-making processes that are adequate to increasingly complex challenges. The main purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to decision making scenarios taken in military transport processes with particular emphasis to logistics and transport costs. This article is an attempt as well at evaluating decision scenarios in transport processes, determined mainly by the cost criterion. The whole of the considerations relates to the security of transports carried out for the purpose of military operations, that is to say, military security, understood as a safe and reliable implementation of a military operation, which must be preceded by the movement of troops into theater operations. The publication uses the experience of "lessons learned", resulting from the actions of Polish military contingents abroad. The conducted studies and analyzes show that it is possible to model transport taking into consideration the cost of specific cargo mass to areas of peacekeeping operations using services provided by carriers operating on the transport market. This kind of approach will lead in the future to changes in the logistics system without the need to spend a great deal on the purchase or hire of transport resources needed to carry out the transport function at the strategic level. As it was proved, logistics processes that take place in an international system require interpersonal cooperation and consequently appropriate relations and a high level of coordination, which change should be determined by the extent of responsibility.
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