To elucidate a genetic predisposition to major depressive disorder, we investigated two polymorphisms (−31T/C and −511C/T) in the interleukin-1beta promoter region in patients who suffered from major recurrent depression. The aim of the current work was to compare alleles and genotype layout between patients with major recurrent depression and healthy people. We would like to indicate such combination of genotypes which corresponds with major recurrent depression. Correlations between genotypes for analyzed polymorphisms and number of episodes, number of points in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and age of onset were investigated as well. The study group consisted of 94 patients diagnosed with major recurrent depression. The control group included 206 healthy individuals. Both groups involved representatives of Caucasian population. Genotyping of polymorphisms was performed by using PCR-RFLP technique. A specific haplotype, composed of the C allele at −31 and the T allele at −511, has a tendency to have a statistically significant difference (p = 0.064) between patients and control group. Correspondence analysis revealed that genotype T/T at −31 and genotype C/C at −511 are associated with major recurrent depression. No association was found between genotypes for studied polymorphic sites and number of episodes, number of points in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and age of onset.
Background: Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 encoded by SLC1A2 is responsible for approximately 90% of glutamate uptake. Glycine transporter 1, encoded by SLC6A9 , is responsible for maintaining a low concentration of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist – glycine in the synaptic cleft, suggesting its participation in the development of the NMDARs hypofunction described in schizophrenia. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the functional polymorphism-181 A/C (rs4354668) of the SLC1A2 and the rs2486001 (IVS3+411 G/A) in the SLC6A9 are involved in schizophrenia development and its clinical picture in the Polish population. Methods: The study group consisted of 393 unrelated Caucasian patients (157 [39.9%] females and 236 [60.1%] males; mean age 41±12) diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the DSM-5, and 462 healthy controls. The results of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were presented in the five-dimensional model. Polymorphisms of SLC1A2 and SLC6A9 were genotyped with the use of PCR-RFLP assay. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of genotypes and alleles between the patients and controls for SLC1A2 and SLC6A9 polymorphisms in either the entire sample or after stratification according to gender. In the haplotype analysis, men with CA haplotype had more than 1.5 higher risk to develop schizophrenia than women (OR=1.63 [95% CI=1.17–2.27, p <0.05]). The influence of gender, genotypes of both analyzed polymorphisms and gender x genotype interactions on individual dimensions of the PANSS scale has not been observed. Also, there was no association of either polymorphism with suicide attempts. Conclusion: The results of the present study did not indicate an association of polymorphism-181 A/C (rs4354668) in SLC1A2 and rs2486001 in SLC6A9 with onset of schizophrenia and its psychopathology in a Polish population.
ObjectiveOne year observation and evaluation of the VNS (vagus nerve stimulation) efficacy and safety for patients with treatment resistant depression in Polish conditions.MethodsAn open label, uncontrolled and one center retrospective study of VNS therapy was implemented with stable pharmacotherapy in 6 patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD). For the first 3 months, only VNS parameters were altered but the pharmacological treatment was unchanged and in the following 9 months, medication and VNS dosing parameters were altered according to the clinical state of the patients.ResultsThe baseline 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-24) score averaged 24. Both response (>50% reduction in baseline scores) and remission rates after 3 months of treatment were only 40%. After 1 year of VNS therapy, the response rates increased to 86%. Most frequent side-effects were voice alteration (86% at 3 months of stimulation) and headaches (40%).ConclusionVNS treatment was safe and effective in TRD patients and its efficacy increased with time. Efficacy ratings are similar to the previously reported studies using a congenial protocol.
The treatment of a 77-year-old patient suffering from severe psychotic depression with a cardiac pacemaker is described. Because of treatment-resistant depression, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was introduced. In the course of ECT, there was a great improvement in his mental state without any cardiac complications. This case may be evidence for the safety and effectiveness of ECT in the elderly, even with cardiac comorbidities. Some recommendations for ECT in patients with pacemakers are discussed.
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