We give improved algorithms for constructing minimum directed and undirected cycle bases in graphs. For general graphs, the new algorithms are Monte Carlo and have running time O(m ω ), where ω is the exponent of matrix multiplication. The previous best algorithm had running timeÕ(m 2 n). For planar graphs, the new algorithm is deterministic and has running time O(n 2 ). The previous best algorithm had running time O(n 2 log n). A key ingredient to our improved running times is the insight that the search for minimum bases can be restricted to a set of candidate cycles of total length O(nm).
Most of the empirical studies in the literature on intra-industry trade and on the factors affecting trade are performed on the country level. Countries, however, differ in terms of granularity and internal heterogeneity at the regional level. This internal differentiation in terms of intra industry (IIT) patterns, which could affect countries' overall trade pattern, is thus not typically taken into account. In contrast, in the present study -using a unique dataset -we conduct an analysis at the level of NUTS2 regions of two large EU Member States (Poland and Spain) of similar size, level of development, a number of regions and the extent of international regional diversity. This allows drawing more thorough and robust conclusions, as regards the nature of IIT and its determinants. IIT is measured at the 4-digit level of products CN classification. We first describe the overall pattern of IIT for regions, and then empirically identify the determinants of overall IIT as well as its horizontal and vertical components in trade the Spanish and Polish NUTS-2 regions with all existing trade partners on bilateral basis over the period 2005-2014. In order to obtain unbiased results, we utilise a novel empirical approach -a semi-mixed effect model, estimated with the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator.We estimate the models jointly for all Spanish and Polish regions and then disjointly in a comparative manner -in order to identify incongruities of reaction to various factors investigated. These include both traditional factors, postulated by the standard theoretical models, as well as a number of factors related to the regional dimension of our analysis such as regional path dependence, quality of regional institutions or the core or peripheral nature of reporting region. The study contributes significantly to the analysis of determinants of IIT. We go beyond the traditional approach to IIT analysis (focused on countries). By treating regions as small open economies, participating in international trade, we are able to show new, interesting aspects of IIT and its determinants.
Modern computers are not Random Access Machines (RAMs). They have a memory hierarchy, multiple cores, and a virtual memory. We address the computational cost of the address translation in the virtual memory. The starting point for our work on virtual memory is the observation that the analysis of some simple algorithms (random scan of an array, binary search, heapsort) in either the RAM model or the External Memory (EM) model does not correctly predict growth rates of actual running times. We propose the Virtual Address Translation (VAT) model to account for the cost of address translations and analyze the algorithms mentioned and others in the model. The predictions agree with the measurements. We also analyze the VAT-cost of cache-oblivious algorithms.
Modern computers are not random access machines (RAMs). They have a memory hierarchy, multiple cores, and virtual memory. In this paper, we address the computational cost of address translation in virtual memory. Starting point for our work is the observation that the analysis of some simple algorithms (random scan of an array, binary search, heapsort) in either the RAM model or the EM model (external memory model) does not correctly predict growth rates of actual running times. We propose the VAT model (virtual address translation) to account for the cost of address translations and analyze the algorithms mentioned above and others in the model. The predictions agree with the measurements. We also analyze the VAT-cost of cacheoblivious algorithms.
A region can internationalise in various ways. The question is what type of internationalisation at regional level can be regarded as “smart” and what role should be played in it by foreign owned entities (FOEs)? The paper aims at identifying the role played by FOEs in NUTS-2 smart specialisations’ (SS’s) internationalisation through exports. With the use of a set of PCSE regressions, the paper depicts the role of FOEs in creating SS-compliant exports against the background of their influence on total regional exports. The obtained results proved the positive role of FOEs in regional exports per se and SS-compliant exports. Yet, FOEs differed substantially, as compared to indigenous entities, in terms of product/regional specialisation and technological advancement. The findings imply the importance of FOEs’ embeddedness in regions’ economies and possibility of their incorporation in creating or enhancing regional comparative advantages. The paper contributes by: (i) providing empirical verification of one of the aspects of SS strategy which is exports and establishing comprehensive insight into the evaluation of SS, (ii) depicting the role of FOEs in generating SS-compliant exports, (iii) proposing a set of measures to be used in the extended empirical evaluation of SS consequences in the sphere of exports.
The aim of this article is to present results of long-term empirical research on the changing behavior of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland in the context of spatial exclusion and spatial ‘justice’. Between 2007 and 2015, the authors conducted cyclical research on the financial behavior of SMEs in Poland on large samples. The scope of research on traditional and virtual space covered mainly: the criteria for selecting a bank for current service and the use of various banking services in particular distribution channels. In the researched period, the percentage of indications to convenient location as the most important factor for selecting a bank dropped from 29% to 16%. In the entire period under research, the highest percentage of indications to convenient location as the most important factor for selecting a bank was recorded in the micro enterprises sector. The percentage of entrepreneurs’ indications of fees and commissions as the most important factor in choosing a bank increase from 28% to 36%. Price parameters became the most important factor of bank selection in the SME sector. Virtual space was used primarily to distribute less complex banking services (checking the account balance and viewing the history of operations on the account, as well as to make transfers). In the case of more complex products, such as deposits or loans, traditional banking branches were preferred. In contrast to the results of the American research (Degryse & Ongena, 2002), in Poland there was no impact of the distance between the company and the bank branch on the loan utilization rates and the loan refusal rates. The research has shown that the virtual space equalizes the opportunities, facilitates business operations, contributes to a drop in prices and improvement in quality of the offered products and services, and renders the access to products and services fairer.
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