There is much evidence that the vertebrate lung originated from a progenitor structure which was present in bony fish. However, critical basic elements for the evolution of breathing in tetrapods, such as the central rhythm generator sensitive to CO2/pH and the pulmonary surfactant, were present in the lungless primitive vertebrate. This suggests that the evolution of air breathing in all vertebrates may have evolved through exaptations. It appears that the capability for proliferation of alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells is the “critical factor” which rendered possible the most radical subsequent innovation—the possibility of air breathing. “Epithelial remodeling,” which consists in proliferation of alveolar cells—the structural basis for gas diffusion—observed in the alimentary tract of the gut-breathing fishes (GBF) has great potential for application in biomedical research. Such a process probably led to the gradual evolutionary development of lungs in terrestrial vertebrates. Research on the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling proliferation of squamous epithelial cells in the GBF should contribute to explaining the regeneration-associated phenomena that occur in mammal lungs, and especially to the understanding of signal pathways which govern the process.
Collecting and consuming mushrooms has been a culinary tradition in Europe, Asia and both Americas for centuries. As such, wild mushrooms are eagerly collected and consumed in Poland. The idea that mushrooms are worthless food has been revised. Recently, there has been more discussion about their positive infl uence on humans. Recent epidemiological data indicate that probably edible species are responsible for 25-87% of mushroom poisonings. In view of these facts, we need to consider how to prevent these poisonings eff ectively. The paper presents the factors that contribute to poisoning by edible species. Moreover, species that only conditionally have a harmful eff ect on consumers are included.
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