Plants are exposed to an ever-changing environment to which they have to adjust accordingly. Their response is tightly regulated by complex signaling pathways that all start with stimulus perception. Here, we give an overview of the latest developments in the perception of various abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, flooding, and temperature stress. We discuss whether proposed perception mechanisms are true sensors, which is well established for some abiotic factors but not yet fully elucidated for others. In addition, we review the downstream cellular responses, many of which are shared by various stresses but result in stress-specific physiological and developmental output. New sensing mechanisms have been identified, including heat sensing by the photoreceptor phytochrome B, salt sensing by glycosylinositol phosphorylceramide sphingolipids, and drought sensing by the specific calcium influx channel OSCA1. The simultaneous occurrence of multiple stress conditions shows characteristic downstream signaling signatures that were previously considered general signaling responses. The integration of sensing of multiple stress conditions and subsequent signaling responses is a promising venue for future research to improve the understanding of plant abiotic stress perception.
Au–Pd based
catalytic systems are a unique couple due to
the carbophilic Lewis acidity of Au and the redox properties of Pd.
To gain more insight into this bimetallic couple, a synthetic and
mechanistic investigation was conducted. As key substrates, ynamides
(N-alkynyl allyloxycarbamates and N-alkynyl ethyloxycarbamates) were used. Essential for the mechanistic
part was the isolation of the organogold(I) intermediate to validate
the proposed mechanism. In total, 18 polysubstituted oxazolones and
12 organogold(I) complexes were synthesized.
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