Due to the increase in natural disasters in the past years, Disaster Response Organizations (DROs) are faced with the challenge of coping with more and larger operations. Currently appointed Information and Communications Technology (ICT) used for coordination and communication is sometimes outdated and does not scale, while novel technologies have the potential to greatly improve disaster response efficiency. To allow adoption of these novel technologies, ICT system designers have to take into account the particular needs of DROs and characteristics of International Disaster Response (IDR). This work attempts to bring the humanitarian and ICT communities closer together. In this work, we analyze IDR-related documents and conduct expert interviews. Using open coding, we extract empirical insights and translate the peculiarities of DRO coordination and operation into tangible ICT design requirements. This information is based on interviews with active IDR staff as well as DRO guidelines and reports. Ultimately, the goal of this paper is to serve as a reference for future ICT research endeavors to support and increase the efficiency of IDR operations.2 communication systems. To this end, we were in contact with 126 IDR experts and active staff (including 15 interviews) from 71 different national and international DROs who also provided pointers to official guidelines, reports, and other resources.This article is structured as follows: In the next section, we outline the body of related work. We present our methodology in Section 3. In Section 4, we present our empirical insights for ICT design. In particular, we introduce important terminology in Section 4.1. We then explain the organizational structure of DROs at the example of the United Nations (UN) in Section 4.2. We detail how different DROs coordinate on a global level in Section 4.3, and how a typical local IDR operation is coordinated and carried out in Section 4.4. Finally, we conclude in Section 5. Related workThe field literature refers to ICT for disaster response as crisis informatics, although the terms disaster, crisis, and emergency are often used interchangeably. Due to the growing number of crisis situations occurring across the world [20,25], the use of crisis communication and management via technology has gained in importance and been increasingly researched [46,47]. There are several challenges and obstacles in sharing and coordinating information during multi-agency disaster response [8].Research efforts have focused on describing the specific characteristics of emergencies and the resulting challenges and requirements for ICT support, for example, derived via case studies and interviews [11,37]. The conference for Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) was the first scientific venue for ICT-based crisis communication. Founded in 2004 by a group of scientists from various related fields, its aim was to address the issue of ICT support for effective [69] disaster management. One major work presented at the first meetin...
Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networks (DTNs) have been around for more than a decade and have especially been proposed to be used in scenarios where communication infrastructure is unavailable. In such scenarios, DTNs can offer a best-effort communication service by exploiting user mobility. Natural disasters are an important application scenario for DTNs when the cellular network is destroyed by natural forces. To assess the performance of such networks before deployment, we require appropriate knowledge of human mobility. In this paper, we address this problem by designing, implementing, and evaluating a novel mobility model for large-scale natural disasters. Due to the lack of GPS traces, we reverse-engineer human mobility of past natural disasters (focusing on 2010 Haiti earthquake and 2013 Typhoon Haiyan) by leveraging knowledge of 126 experts from 71 Disaster Response Organizations (DROs). By means of simulation-based experiments, we compare and contrast our mobility model to other well-known models, and evaluate their impact on DTN performance. Finally, we make our source code available to the public.Comment: To appear in Proceedings of MSWiM '17. 8 Pages, 9 Figures. Source code and data available at https://github.com/seemoo-lab/natural-disaster-mobilit
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a technology widely used for security-critical applications like access control or payment systems. Many of these systems rely on the security assumption that the card has to be in close proximity to communicate with the reader. We developed NFCGate, an Android application capable of relaying NFC communication between card and reader using two rooted but otherwise unmodified Android phones. This enables us to increase the distance between card and reader, eavesdrop on, and even modify the exchanged data. The application should work for any system built on top of ISO 14443-3 that is not hardened against relay attacks, and was successfully tested with a popular contactless card payment system and an electronic passport document.
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