The chemical inhibition of acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) is a potent strategy for addressing signal related neuropathology and natural products are potential sources of compounds with such properties. Essential oil extracts from leaf, seed, stem and rhizome of four medicinal plants [Aframomum melegueta K. Schum, Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth S. More), Monodora myristica (Gaertn.), and Ocimum gratissimum (Linn)] were tested for acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitory activity (AChEI) using Ellman's colorimentric method and compared to a reference acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitor (galantamine). The seed (IC50 = 6.71 mg/l) and leaf (IC50 = 6.54 mg/l) extracts from O. gratissimum showed values that matched the capacity of the reference inhibitor (IC50 = 6.62 mg/l). The least potent extract was rhizome extracts of A. melegueta (IC50 = 28.97 mg/l) about four times that of the reference inhibitor. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the intrinsic properties (bioactive ingredient factor) of each extract (PC1 = 29.50%) was the most important factor defining the difference or similarity in potency to the reference acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitor while ‘dose response’ (PC2 = 11.38%) was the second most important factor. The outstanding AChEI property of O. gratissimum extracts could largely be attributed to the high monoterpene content while the weak potency of rhizome extracts of A. melegueta may be attributed to its predominant concentrations of sesquiterpenes. Since potency could be related to interaction between bioactive components, understanding the interaction between ratios of monoterpene and sesquiterpene in extracts could be important in determining their potency for AChEI.
Natural kaolin (NK) and magnetite-modified kaolin (MK) prepared by co-precipitation were used as adsorbents to remove phosphate from aqueous solution. The materials were characterized using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Batch adsorption experiment was carried out to determine the phosphate removal efficiencies of these materials. The magnetic-supported kaolin showed better dispersion and less co-aggregation which ensured better fusion of the kaolin with magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). The removal process of phosphate was governed by physico-chemical process. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of phosphate onto NK and MK was highly pH-dependent and the kinetics of the adsorption followed pseudo-second order equation. The adsorption data of Mk adsorbent fitted better with the Freundlich isotherm equation. The MK showed much better adsorption capacity per mass of MK (52.91 mg/g) than untreated NK (17.61 mg/g). Since the magnetic kaolin can be easily prepared, it enables promising application for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. Hence, this new class of efficient adsorbent (MK), can have a variety of application in industrial processes.
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