The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent. Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely. J Urban Health international aid, NGOs, and community groups to innovate beyond disaster response and move toward longterm plans.
Increases in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), but in particular cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, stroke and diabetes, and their major risk factors, have not been uniform across settings; for example, cardiovascular disease mortality has declined over recent decades in high-income countries but increased in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). The factors contributing to this rise are varied and are contributed to by the environmental, social, political and commercial determinants of health, among other factors. This Review focuses on understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in LMICs, with particular emphasis on obesity and its drivers, together with broader environmental and macro determinants of health, and the LMIC-based responses to counteract cardiometabolic diseases.
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