Objective: Three-dimensional printing technology is being employed in a variety of medical and surgical specialties to improve patient care and advance resident physician training. As the costs of implementing three-dimensional printing have declined, the use of this technology has expanded, especially within surgical specialties. This article explores the types of threedimensional printing available, highlights the benefits and drawbacks of each methodology, provides examples of how three-dimensional printing has been applied within the field of otolaryngology -head and neck surgery, discusses future innovations, and explores the financial impact of these advances.Data Sources: Articles were identified from PubMed and Ovid Medline.Review Methods: PubMed and Ovid Medline were queried for English articles published between 2011and 2016, including a few articles prior to this time as relevant examples. Search terms included: three-dimensional printing, 3D-printing, otolaryngology, additive manufacturing, craniofacial, reconstruction, temporal bone, airway, sinus, cost, and anatomic models.Conclusions: Three-dimensional printing has been used in recent years in otolaryngology for preoperative planning, education, prostheses, grafting, and reconstruction. Emerging technologies include the printing of tissue scaffolds for the auricle and nose, more realistic training models, and personalized implantable medical devices. Implications for Practice:After accounting for the upfront costs of three-dimensional printing, its utilization in surgical models, patient-specific implants, and custom instruments can reduce operating room time and thus decrease costs. Educational and training models provide an opportunity to better visualize anomalies, practice surgical technique, predict problems that might arise, and improve quality by reducing mistakes.3
Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We previously identified several cytokines potentially linked to smell loss, potentially supporting an inflammatory etiology for CRSassociated olfactory dysfunction. In the current study we sought to validate pa erns of olfactory dysfunction in CRS using hierarchical cluster analysis, machine learning algorithms, and multivariate regression.Methods: CRS patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery were administered the Smell Identification Test (SIT) preoperatively. Mucus was collected from the middle meatus using an absorbent polyurethane sponge and 17 inflammatory mediators were assessed using a multiplexed flow-cytometric bead assay. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to characterize inflammatory patterns and their association with SIT scores. The random forest approach was used to identify cytokines predictive of olfactory function. Results:One hundred ten patients were enrolled in the study. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified 5 distinct CRS clusters with statistically significant differences in SIT scores observed between individual clusters (p < 0.001). A majority of anosmic patients were found in a single cluster, which was additionally characterized by nasal polyposis (100%) and a high incidence of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (50%) and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) (33%). A random forest approach identified a strong association between olfaction and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13. Multivariate modeling identified AERD, computed tomography (CT) score, and IL-2 as the variables most predictive of olfactory function. Conclusion:Olfactory dysfunction is associated with specific CRS endotypes characterized by severe nasal polyposis, tissue eosinophilia, and AERD. Mucus IL-2 levels, CT score, and AERD were independently associated with smell loss. C 2018 ARS-AAOA, LLC. How to Cite thisArticle: Morse JC, Shilts MH, Ely KA, et al. Pa erns of olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis identified by hierarchical cluster analysis and machine learning algorithms. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2019;9:255-264.O lfactory dysfunction is among the most common symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitus (CRS) with a prevalence of between 30% and 80%. 1, 2 Unfortunately, the etiology of CRS-associated olfactory dysfunction remains poorly understood. Olfactory loss in CRS has previously been attributed to an inability of odorants to effectively reach the olfactory cleft, due either to structural abnormalities or presence of nasal polyps. 3, 4 Recent research has suggested that sinonasal inflammation may directly or indirectly affect olfactory neurons and olfactory function. 5 In animal models, certain cytokines have the ability to adversely affect olfactory neuron function, turnover, and regeneration. 5-8 An association between olfactory cleft cytokine levels and olfactory function has been partially
Background: Potential effects of aging on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) pathophysiology have not been well defined, but may have important ramifications given a rapidly aging U.S. and world population. Objective:The goal of the current study was to determine whether advanced age is associated with specific inflammatory CRS endotypes or immune signatures.Methods: Seventeen mucus cytokines and inflammatory mediators were measured in 147 CRS patients. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify and characterize inflammatory CRS endotypes as well as determine whether age was associated with specific immune signatures.Results: A CRS endotype with a pro-inflammatory, neutrophilic immune signature was enriched with older patients. In the overall cohort, patients 60 years and older had elevated mucus levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α when compared to their younger counterparts.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.