This paper discusses the operating range of frequency modulated (FM) radars in the presence of interference. For this purpose, radar- and path loss equations are used to draw the equipotential lines for a given signal-to-interference ratio as a function of the spatial distribution of targets and interferers in order to identify relevant scenario constellations. Further the factors influencing the gain of signal versus deterministic interference are discussed based on measurements and simulations. Finally, the influence of different kinds of interference on the spectrum of a frequency modulated continuous wave radar is shown.
This letter presents a realization method of reconfigurable antenna systems based on smart materials. The reconfigurability is obtained by utilizing shape memory alloy directors. This realization method offers a longer lifetime and lower energy consumption than conventional approaches such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or p-i-n diodes. As a proof-of-concept, a compact reconfigurable antenna for the 2.6-GHz Long Term Evolution (LTE) band was designed. The designed antenna is a quasi-Yagi antenna with its directors made from shape memory alloy. This antenna is made to be installed in a standard car-roof antenna housing. A prototype of the antenna presented here has been fabricated and measured.Index Terms-Automotive antenna, reconfigurable antenna, shape memory alloy (SMA), smart materials, Yagi.
This paper explores ethical and legal implications arising from the intertwinement of cloud services, healthcare and robotics in recent developments towards increasing reliance on cloud-based services for healthcare robots. It closes an existing gap in the literature by highlighting the distinctive ethical and legal concerns associated with the interdependence of the cyber-and the physical aspects of healthcare cloud robotics. The identified core concerns include uncertainties with regard to data protection requirements; distributed responsibilities for robot behavior; the achievement of transparency and meaningful consent for cloud robot services especially for vulnerable robot users; secondary uses of cloud data derived from robot activities; data security; and wider social issues such as the digital divide and the assignment of responsibilities for social consequences to robot designers. The paper aims to raise awareness and stimulate reflection with regard to the legal and ethical impacts on different stakeholders arising from the use of cloud services in healthcare robotics. It shows that due to the complexity of these concerns the design and implementation of such robots in healthcare requires an interdisciplinary development and impact assessment process. In light of legal requirements and ethical responsibilities towards end-users and other stakeholders, we draw special attention to practical considerations that engineers should be cognizant of when developing cloud services for robots in the healthcare field.
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