This study examines the phenomenon of co-located industrial clusters with different industry cores in one region. A multi-method research design, including semi-structured qualitative interviews and a standardized survey, was chosen. The empirical results show different patterns of collaboration and competition: on the one hand, the hiring of employees, especially in the segment of (highly) skilled labor, is an important concern for firms facing a tight labor market of co-located clusters. Consequently, filling vacant positions is challenging for firms of both industrial clusters, which results in a competitive environment, including labor poaching. On the other hand, the linkages between firms are influenced by the institutional setting, such as changing regulatory environment, leading to more collaboration, even though an intense rivalry between participating firms has existed for decades.
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