The effectiveness of liquid smoke made from palm kernel shells in inhibiting black pod disease (Phytopthora palmivora) in cacao fruit was studied. Palm kernel shells underwent pyrolysis in a slow-pyrolysis reactor at 280°C-400°C. The resulting liquid smoke was then distilled at a temperature of 200°C. The observed parameters were incubation period and spotting diameter. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 4 × 6 factorial pattern having four repetitions and consisting of two factors. Both temperature and concentration significantly affected the incubation period of the fungi causing black pod disease. Additionally, the liquid smoke concentration had a strong influence on the spotting diameter. Phenolic compounds and acetic acid contained in the liquid smoke serve as antimicrobials and are bacteriostatic. Although the maximum phenol level was found at 280°C, the longest incubation period occurred in liquid smoke produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 360°C. Thus, 360°C was the optimum temperature for producing liquid smoke to inhibit black pod disease caused by P. palmivora in cacao.
Rhizobacteria play a positive role as biocontrol agents as well as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) agents. The research objective was to obtain indigenous rhizobacteria isolates on cocoa plants that have the potential to inhibit the attack of P. palmivora fungal pathogens, and act as PGPR in vitro and in vivo. The results of the study concluded that isolates TRI 7/1, TRI 8/8, GM 7/9 and GM 7/10 had the highest ability to inhibit the growth of pathogen. The lowest disease severity (20%) was obtained in the seedlings treated using isolates TRI 7/1 and TRI 8/8. Rhizobacterial isolates GM 3/6, GM 5/6, GM 7/9 and GM 8/8 produce high amounts of IAA. Rhizobacteria isolates GM 5/6, GM 7/9 and GM 8/8 has very high peroxidase enzyme activity. High production of HCN compounds was obtained in rhizobacteria isolates TRI 3/3, TRI 4/10 and TRI GM 8/11. All rhizobacterial isolates gave an increase in the value of maximum growth potential, germination and vigor values for growth strength compared with the control. The rizobacteria treatments using isolates TRI 7/1, TRI 8/8, GM 7/9 and GM 7/10 were able to increase plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves at 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 DAP compared to control treatment.
Abstrak: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) adalah salah satu patogen tular tanah yang sangat berbahaya bagi tanaman tomat, hal itu dikarenakan patogen ini mampu bertahan dalam jangka waktu yang lama di dalam tanah. Salah satu alternatif pengendalian secara biologi yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan cara memanfaatkan cendawan antagonis sebagai agen biokontrol yaitu Trichoderma spp. penggunaan cendawan antagonis sebagai agen hayati harus dalam bentuk formula yang tepat dengan bahan yang mudah tersedia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi beberapa bentuk formulasi Trichoderma spp dalam mengendalikan penyakit layu fusarium pada tanaman tomat. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola non faktorial yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dengan menggunakan 5 ulangan, setiap ulangan terdiri dari 4 unit tanaman. Susunan perlakuan bentuk formulasi berbahan aktif Trichoderma spp yaitu F0 = Kontrol (tanpa perlakuan),F1 = Formulasi pelet daun katuk 3 g (+ 10 butir)/polibag, F2 = Formulasi padat jagung kering 3 g/polibag dan F3 = Formulasi cair produk komersil 100 ml/polibag. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi beberapa bentuk formulasi Trichoderma spp mampu memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap persentase layu tanaman dan tinggi tanaman serta persentase batang yang xylemnya terdiskolorasi. Application of Several Forms by Trichoderma spp Formulation in Controlling Fusarium Wilt Disease on Tomato PlantsAbstract. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) is one of the soil pathogens that is very harmful for tomato plants, it is because these pathogens are able to survive for a long time in the soil. One of the alternative biological controls that are environmentally friendly is by utilizing the antagonist fungus as a biocontrol agent that is Trichoderma spp. the use of antagonistic fungi as biological agents should be in the form of the right formula with easily available materials. This study aims to determine the effect of application of some form of Trichoderma spp formulation in controlling fusarium wilt disease in tomato plants. This research uses Completely Randomized Design of non factorial pattern consisting of 4 treatments using 5 replications, each replication consisting of 4 plant units. the active formulation by several form formulation of Trichoderma spp is F0 = Control (without treatment), F1 = Leaf pelet formulation 3 g (+ 10 grain) / polybag, F2 = Dry corn solid formula 3 g / polybag and F3 = Commercial liquid product formulation 100 ml / polybag. The results showed that the application of some form of formulation Trichoderma spp able to give a real effect on the percentage of wilting plants and plant height as well as the percentage of stems that discoloration on xylem.
Endophytic fungi are recognised for producing secondary metabolites that have an effect on the host, such as promoting growth and enhancing plant resilience to biotic and abiotic stress. The objective of this study was to explore endophytic fungi from Citrus reticulata. The endophytic fungi were isolated from both healthy and infected roots, stems, and twigs of C. reticulata. The materials were sterilised and inoculated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. The fungi grown were transferred onto fresh PDA plates and identified based on their morphological characteristic, including colonial features, hyphae type, and reproduction structure. Five endophytic fungi were identified as Colletotrichum sp. AJSH2-1, Cylindrocladium sp. BJSH1-2, Rhizopus sp. RJSH1-1, Mucor sp. RJSH1-2, and Aspergillus sp. BJSH1-1. Further study is required to understand the ability of the identified genera in protecting the host from plant disease as well as promoting growth.
Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan konsentrasi minyak cengkeh untuk mengendalikan patogen terbawa benih pada benih tomat secara in vitro dan in vivo. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan November 2017 di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial yang terdiri dari dua faktor. Faktor yang petama yaitu konsentrasi minyak cengkeh (C) yang terdiri atas 6 taraf yaitu 0,000%, 0,010%, 0,015%, 0,020%, 0,025%, 0,030%. Faktor kedua adalah jenis patogen (P) yang terdiri dari 2 taraf yaitu Fusarium oxysporum dan Pythium sp. Dengan demikian terdapat 12 kombinasi perlakuan dengan 3 kali ulangan, sehingga didapatkan 36 satuan percobaan. Adapun parameter in vitro yang diamati adalah diameter koloni dan daya hambat patogen lalu parameter in vivo yang diamati adalah pre emergence damping off, post emergence damping off, keparahan penyakit dan tinggi tanaman tomat. Hasil penelitian menujukkan konsentrasi minyak cengkeh perpengaruh terhadap diameter koloni, daya hambat patogen, pre emergence damping off, post emergence damping off, keparahan penyakit dan tinggi tanaman tomat. Perbedaan jenis patogen yang digunakan berpengaruh terhadap diameter koloni, daya hambat patogen, keparahan penyakit dan tinggi tanaman, namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap persentase pre emergence damping off dan persentase post emergence damping off. Konsentrasi minyak cengkeh yang terbaik untuk mengendalikan patogen terbawa benih baik secara in vitro maupun in vivo adalah 0,020%. Jenis patogen yang lebih dapat dikendalikan secara in vitro adalah F. oxysporum dan jenis patogen yang lebih dapat dikendalikan secara in vivo adalah Phytium sp.The Effectiveness Clove Oil to Control Seed Borne Pathogens In Vitro and In Vivo on Tomato Seeds (Lycopersicum esculentum)Abstrack. This study aims to determine the effect of clove oil concentration treatment to control seed borne pathogens on tomato seeds in vitro and in vivo. The research was conducted from August until November 2017 at the Technology and Seed Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. The design used was Completely Randomized Design (RAL) factorial pattern consisting of two factors. The first factor is the concentration of clove oil (C) which consists of 6 levels, that were 0.000%, 0.010%, 0.015%, 0.020%, 0.025%, 0.030%. The second factor is the type of pathogen (P) which consists of 2 levels, that were Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium sp. There were 12 combinations of treatments with 3 replicated, so that obtained 36 units experiment. The in vitro observed variables were diameter of the colony, pathogen inhibitory activity and in vivo observed variables were pre emergence damping off, post emergence damping off, disease severity and tomato plants height. The results showed that the concentration of clove oil had a significant effect on diameter of the colony, pathogen inhibitory activity, pre emergence damping off, post emergence damping off, disease severity and tomato plants height. The difference type of pathogen had a significant effect on the diameter of the colony, pathogen inhibition, disease severity and tomato plant height, but had no significant effect on the percentage of pre emergence damping off and the percentage of post emergence damping off. The best concentration of clove oil to control seed borne pathogens both in vitro and in vivo is 0.020%. The type of pathogen that can be more controlled in vitro is F. oxysporum and the type of pathogen that can be more controlled in vivo is Phytium sp.
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