Background Cannabinoids; tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN), might show antibacterial activity. Trema orientalis is a species in the Cannabaceae that is closely related to Cannabis through plastome phylogenetic evidence. This species is widely distributed throughout tropical Asia and is used as traditional medicine, particularly for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, no studies on the antibacterial activity of cannabinoid-containing inflorescences extracts are available. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine cannabinoid content and antibacterial activity of inflorescences fractions from T. orientalis native to Thailand. Methods We hypothesized that inflorescences from T. orientalis might display cannabinoids similar to Cannabis because of their close taxonomic relationship. We extracted the mature inflorescences and infructescence of T. orientalis in three disparate populations from different Thailand floristic regions. Extractions were subsequently partitioned into hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions using distilled water and chloroform. The lipophilic extracts were further fractionated by the column chromatography with gradient elution and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Characterized cannabinoids were used in bioassays with multidrug-resistance bacteria. Results Lipophilic extracts and fractions of inflorescences from all Thailand floristic regions consistently displayed cannabinoids (THC, CBD and CBN) in various quantities. These extracts exhibited inhibitory activity for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values varying from 31.25 to 125 µg/mL. Conclusion Our study is the first to report cannabinoid detection in extracts from inflorescences of T. orientalis, a species in the Cannabaceae. These extracts and their fractions containing cannabinoids showed pronounced antibacterial activity. The use of analytic methods also demonstrated reproducible cannabinoid extraction.
The genus Lasianthus in Thailand was studied on the basis of herbarium specimens and field investigation in Thai natural forests and protected areas during 2016–2018. A total of 68 species, including two subspecies and two varieties, are recognized, and their synonymy, distribution, and ecology are provided. Two new species, Lasianthus puffii and L. sithammaratensis are here described as new to science based on morphological characters of fertile and vegetative organs. Lasianthus puffii is similar to L. cyanocarpus but differs from that species by being densely hirsute, with 6‒8 mm long hairs on branches, branchlets, leaf blade, petioles, and calyx (not tomentose with 2‒3 mm long hairs) and drupes with five pyrenes (not. four pyrenes). Lasianthus sithammaratensis resembles L. appressus but differs in having calyx cupular (not campanulate) and drupes with 4‒5 pyrenes (not eight). Among the Thai Lasianthus, four names are reduced to synonymy, one species was transferred to the genus Paralasianthus and excluded from Thai Lasianthus. Here, a key for the identification to all Thai Lasianthus species, as well as their nomenclature, lists of specimens examined, and notes on distribution and affinities, are provided.
Aim: To evaluate the activity of medicinal Lasianthus extracts on bacteria and to determine the chemical characters among three medicinal Lasianthus (Rubiaceae) species. Materials and Methods:The phytochemical investigation of L. cyanocarpus, L. hirsutus and L. lucidus were performed using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. Four antibacterial resistant strains including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BAA 1705 (carbapenemase; KPC-producing strain) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (AmpC β-lactamase producing strain) were used. The phytochemical investigation of L. cyanocarpus, L. hirsutus and L. lucidus were performed using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. We also detected the effects of extracts on bacteria by using a scanning electron microscope. Results:The lipophilic extracts from the three plants revealed the terpenoids, coumarin and iridoid. HPLC showed similarities in the chemical profiles of both leaf and stem bark extracts. L. lucidus lipophilic extracts revealed the greatest effect against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at 400 and 100 µg/mL respectively, whereas L. cyanocarpus extracts prominently affected K. pneumoniae at 400 µg/mL. Cell lysis and leakage of bacteria treated with extracts were observed. Conclusion:Our findings surprisingly showed the potential of antibacterial effect among resistant pathogenic bacteria. We also revealed the comparable signals of the chemical characters from the three Lasianthus. These findings support the traditional use related infectious diseases and it might be possible to further develop the antibiotic agents.
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