Serangkaian penelitian dilakukan untuk menggantikan bungkil kedelai (SBM) dengan bungkil inti sawit (PKC) dalam ransum ayam petelur. Tahap pertama dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kandungan protein dan asam amino BIS melalui proses fermentasi dan dilanjutkan dengan penambahan enzim untuk meningkatkan kecernaan asam amino. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji biologis untuk mengetahui efektifitas PKC yang sudah difermentasi (FPKC) dan ditambahkan enzim (EFPKC) untuk menggantikan SBM didalam ransum ayam petelur. Nilai energy (AME) dari PKC, FPKC dan EFPKC diukur dengan menggunakan ayam broiler dan dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran nilai asam amino tercerna pada ileal (IAAD). Nilai AME dan IAAD dari EFPKC kemudian digunakan untuk meramu ransum penelitian. Ransum diberikan pada ayam petelur umur 51 minggu selama 8 minggu. Lima (5) jenis ransum disusun dengan kandungan gizi yang sama, tetapi SBM diganti dengan EFPKC secara bertingkat. Ransum perlakuan terdiri dari 1. Kontrol (tanpa EFPKC), 2. 25% SBM dalam ransum Kontrol diganti dengan EFPKC, 3. 50% SBM dalam ransum Kontrol diganti dengan EFPKC, 4. 75% SBM dalam ransum Kontrol diganti dengan EFPKC and 5. 100% of SBM dalam ransum Kontrol diganti dengan EFPKC. Setiap ransum perlakuan diberikan pada 24 ekor ayam (6 ulangan, 4 ekor/ulangan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fermentasi PKC meningkatkan protein kasar dan asam amino, kecuali threonin dan arginin, tetapi menurunkan AME. Penambahan enzim pada FPKC meningkatkan nilai IAAD. Akan tetapi hanya enzim BS4 yang dapat meningkatkan nilai AME pada EFPKC. Uji biologis menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 25 hingga 50% bungkil kedelai didalam ransum dapat diganti dengan bungkil inti sawit yang sudah difermentasi dan ditambahkan enzim tanpa meyebabkan gangguan yang berarti pada performan ayam petelur.
The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has been banned as feed additives in many countries, therefore the alternatives need to be found. An in vitro experiment was conducted to study the potential of combination of some plant extract to inhibit growth of pathogen bateria that normally occur in the poultry gastro intestinal tract.The combination of three plants bioactives (liquid smoke of cashew shells of Anacardium occidentaleor CLS, Phyllanthus niruri L. extract (EM), and Synzygium aromaticum extract (EDC) were formulated and evaluated for its effectiveness to inhibit growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. in vitro.The mixtures (KE) were then made in 3 different concentrations, i.e. 100 % KE, 50% KE, and 25% KE and studied their effectiveness to inhibit growth of E. coli or Salmonella sp. using microplate reader method. The results showed that the higher the concentration of the bioactive combination (KE100) the higher the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli or Salmonella sp. The combination of bioactive substances CAM, EM, and EDC more effectively than Zn-bacitracin antibiotics to inhibit the growth of E. coli and Salmonella sp. The optimum concentration of KE with the similar effectiveness as the AGP was 25%. It was concluded that the combination of CAM, EM, and EDC was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli and even capable to eliminate the presence of Salmonella sp. In the biological assay, a combination of CAM, EM, and EDC either extract or powder form, high dose, medium or low does not affect the weight of the spleen, bursa fabricius, and blood profile. The best combination of CAM, EM, and EDC extracts to decreases the total bacterial population and E. coli was middle dose ie 0.0625% (extract) and 0.625% (powder). Likewise for live weight gain that was a good dose of extract or powder form can replace antibiotics. It was concluded that combinations of CAM, EM, and EDC had potential as a substitute for AGP in poultry feed, especially chickens.
Background and Aim: Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cocos nucifera shell liquid smoke (CSL), clove leaf extract (CLE), and mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) alone and in combination against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis. The antioxidant activity, phenol, saponin, and tannin of CSL, CLE, MPE, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extract were also measured.
Materials and Methods: The agar well-diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of CSL, methanolic MPE, and CLE and their combination CSL+MPE+CLE (COMBI) on bacteria E. coli and fungus (C. utilis). Antioxidant activity was measured by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method. Total phenol and total tannin were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and total saponin was measured by the vanillin-sulphate method.
Results: The results indicated that phenolic and tannin levels were greater in MPE than in CLE, whereas the saponin content was higher in CLE compared with MPE. Undiluted (100%) MPE exhibited lower antibacterial activity (p<0.05) than chloramphenicol against E. coli, however, undiluted CLE and COMBI showed similar activity compared with chloramphenicol against E. coli. COMBI caused significantly (p<0.05) higher inhibition compared with virginiamycin against E. coli. CSL, MPE, and COMBI exhibited significantly lower antifungal activity (p<0.05) than that of ketoconazole against C. utilis. In contrast, CLE showed improved antifungal activity (p<0.05) compared with ketoconazole.
Conclusion: Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract, and Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract, either alone or in combination, have the potential to be used as antibacterial and antifungal agents.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.