Fenazaquin resistant population of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) was developed by giving selection pressure. After 8 generations, the resultant population of mite obtained having resistance ratio of 216.74 folds (FR-strain) as compared to susceptible population (S-strain) maintained in the laboratory. FR-strain was found to have resistance breakdown upto 158.82-times when selection pressure was withdrawn for three generations. Developmental stages of fenazaquin resistant strain were bigger in size and took lesser number of days to complete incubation period, development of immature stage and total life cycle than in susceptible strain. However, fecundity and adult longevity of S-strain was more than FR-strain. The FR-strain was examined for cross resistance against different acaricidal products, namely, hexythiazox (5.45 EC), propargite (57 EC), azadirachtin (0.15 EC), Darekastra and Tamarlassi. These resulted in lower value of resistance ratio, being < 2 suggesting their incorporation in managing fenazaquin resistant population of T. urticae.
Atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) is frequently used to unravel the mechanisms of macroion release from electrosprayed droplets. However, atomistic MD is currently feasible for only the smallest window of droplet sizes appearing at the end steps of a droplet's lifetime. The relevance of the observations made to the actual droplet evolution, which is much longer than the simulated sizes, has not been addressed yet in the literature. Here, we perform a systematic study of the desolvation mechanisms of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), protonated peptides of different compositions, and proteins, to (a) obtain insight into the charging mechanism of macromolecules in larger droplets than those that are currently amenable to atomistic MD and (b) examine whether currently used atomistic MD modeling can establish the extrusion mechanism of proteins from droplets. To mimic larger droplets that are not amenable to MD modeling, we scale down the systems, by simulating a large droplet size relative to the macromolecule. MD of PEG charging reveals that, above a critical droplet size, ions are available near the backbone of the macromolecule, but charging occurs only transiently by transfer of ions from the solvent to the macroion, while below the critical size, the capture of the ion from PEG has a lifetime sufficiently long for the extrusion of a charged PEG from the aqueous droplet. This is the first report of the role of droplet curvature in the relation between macroion conformation and charging. Simulations of protonated peptides with a high degree of hydrophobicity show that partial extrusion of a peptide from the droplet surface is rare relative to desolvation by drying-out. Different from what has been presented in the literature, we argue that atomistic MD simulations have not sufficiently established the extrusion mechanism of proteins from droplets and their charging mechanism. We also argue that release of highly charged proteins can occur at an earlier stage of a droplet's lifetime than predicted by atomistic MD. In this earlier stage, we emphasize the key role of jets emanating from a droplet at the point of charge-induced instability in the release of proteins.
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