Background Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes are pathogens causing cryptococcal meningitis, a fungal infection that leads to death unless treated. Worldwide, it is estimated to kill over 180,000 individuals annually. Objectives We aim to investigate the molecular diversity of C. gattii isolates from strains isolated from 1995 to the present day from different continents. Method In this study, we analysed the molecular diversity by MLST and antifungal susceptibility by using the broth microdilution method according to the CLSI M27‐A4 protocol of a total of 26 strains from Cryptococcus gattii species complex from both clinical and environmental sources. Results Genotyping showed that most of the strains (17/26; 65.4%) belonged to serotype B and were distributed between three genotypes: VGI (13/17; 76.5%), VGII (3/17; 17.6%) and VGVI (1/17; 5.9%). The serotype C strains (9/26; 34.6%) were distributed between the VGIII (1/9; 11.1%) and VGIV (8/9; 88.9%) genotypes. The 26 strains belonged to 17 different MLST subtypes, and we highlight four new MLST genotypes (ST553, 554, 555 and 556). The two environmental strains were identified as serotype B and genotype VGI, but were of ST 51 and 154. All isolates have wild‐type MIC of fluconazole and flucytosine. Regarding amphotericin B, five VGI strains showed MICs to AMB equal to 1 µg/ml, and according to the ECV for these genotypes, they were considered non‐wild‐type strains. Conclusions The current study reveals the genetic diversity and new sequence types among strains from the C. gattii complex species.

Fungi belonging to the Cryptococcus genus and related genera (Filobasidium, Holtermanniella, Naganishia, Papiliotrema, Solicoccozyma, Vishniacozyma) are encapsulated yeasts found in either the environment or animal sources. However, the precise biotopes of most species remain poorly defined. To assess whether wild birds from southern France can carry or spread the most pathogenic species (i.e., species belonging to the C. neoformans and C. gattii complexes), as well as lesser-studied species (non-neoformans/gattii Cryptococcus and former Cryptococcus spp.), 669 birds belonging to 89 species received for care over a two-year period at the Centre de Protection de la Faune Sauvage of Villeveyrac (Bird Protection League nongovernmental organization (NGO) care center) were sampled. Samples were cultured, and Cryptococcus and former Cryptococcus yeasts were identified by PCR sequencing. The purpose was to evaluate whether there was any health risk to local populations or care personnel in aviaries and gather new data on the ecological niches of lesser-known species. One hundred and seven birds (16%) were found to be positive for at least one Cryptococcus or former Cryptococcus species. No yeasts belonging to the highly pathogenic C. neoformans or C. gattii complexes were isolated. However, diversity was notable, with 20 different Cryptococcus or former Cryptococcus species identified. Furthermore, most bird–yeast species associations found in this study have never been described before.

Personalized treatment and precision medicine have become the new standard of care in oncology and radiotherapy. Because treatment outcomes have considerably improved over the last few years, permanent side-effects are becoming an increasingly significant issue for cancer survivors. Five to ten percent of patients will develop severe late toxicity after radiotherapy. Identifying these patients before treatment start would allow for treatment adaptation to minimize definitive side effects that could impair their long-term quality of life. Over the last decades, several tests and biomarkers have been developed to identify these patients. However, out of these, only the Radiation-Induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis (RILA) assay has been prospectively validated in multi-center cohorts. This test, based on a simple blood draught, has been shown to be correlated with late radiation-induced toxicity in breast, prostate, cervical and head and neck cancer. It could therefore greatly improve decision making in precision radiation oncology. This literature review summarizes the development and bases of this assay, as well as its clinical results and compares its results to the other available assays.

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